【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 +Fe=Fe2++H2↑H2SO3+2H2S===3S↓+3H2O 4HNO3(濃)+CCO2↑+4NO2↑+2H2O 6HNO3(濃)+SH2SO4+6NO2↑+2H2O 6HNO3(濃足)+Fe===Fe(NO3)3+3NO2↑+3H2O 4HNO3(濃)+Fe(足)===Fe(NO3)2+NO2↑+2H2O(先得Fe3+,在Fe過(guò)量時(shí)再生成Fe2+的鹽)4HNO3(稀足)+Fe===Fe(NO3)3+NO↑+2H2O 4H++NO3+Fe=Fe3++NO↑+2H2O 30HNO3+8Fe===8Fe(NO3)3+3N2O↑+15H2O 30 H++6NO3–+8Fe=8Fe3++3N2O↑+15H2O36HNO3+10Fe===10Fe(NO3)3+3N2↑+18H2O 36H++6NO3–+10Fe=8Fe3++3N2↑+18H2O30HNO3+8Fe===8Fe(NO3)3+3NH4NO3+9H2O 30 H++3NO3–+8Fe=8Fe3++3NH4++9H2O4Zn+10HNO3(稀)==4Zn(NO3)2+N2O↑+5H2O 4Zn+10H++2NO3–=4Zn2++N2O↑+5H2O 4Zn+10HNO3(稀)==4Zn(NO3)2+NH4NO3+3H2O 4Zn+10H++NO3–=4Zn2++NH4++5H2O還原性: H2SO3+X2+H2O===H2SO4+2HX (X表示Cl2,Br2,I2) H2SO3+X2+H2O=4H++SO42+X–2H2SO3+O2==2H2SO4 2H2SO3+O2=4H++SO42H2SO3+H2O2===H2SO4+H2O H2SO3+H2O2=2H++SO42–+H2O5H2SO3+2KMnO4===2MnSO4+K2SO4+2H2SO4+3H2O 5H2SO3+2MnO4–=2Mn2++4H++3SO42–+3H2OH2SO3+2FeCl3+H2O===H2SO4+2FeCl2+2HCl H2SO3+2Fe3++H2O=4H++2Fe2+ +SO42–酸性: H2SO4(濃)+CaF2 CaSO4+2HF↑ (不揮發(fā)性酸制取揮發(fā)性酸)H2SO4(濃)+NaClNaHSO4+HCl↑ (不揮發(fā)性酸制取揮發(fā)性酸)H2SO4(濃)+2NaClNa2SO4+2HCl↑ (不揮發(fā)性酸制取揮發(fā)性酸)H2SO4(濃)+NaNO3NaHSO4+HNO3↑ (不揮發(fā)性酸制取揮發(fā)性酸)3H2SO4(濃)+Ca3(PO4)23CaSO4+2H3PO4 (強(qiáng)酸制弱酸酸)2H2SO4(濃)+Ca3(PO4)22CaSO4+Ca(H2PO4)2 (工業(yè)制磷肥) 2HNO3+CaCO3==Ca(NO3)2+H2O+CO2↑ 2H++CaCO3=Ca2++H2O+CO2↑（用HNO3和濃H2SO4不能制備H2S，HI，HBr， SO2等還原性氣體） 4H3PO4+Ca3(PO4)2 3Ca(H2PO4)2 （重鈣） H3PO4(濃)+NaBr NaH2PO4+HBr↑ (不揮發(fā)性酸制取揮發(fā)性酸,磷酸是非氧化性酸)H3PO4（濃）+NaINaH2PO4+HI↑ 不穩(wěn)定性： 2HClO2HCl+O2↑(保存在棕色瓶中) 4HNO34NO2↑+O2↑+2H2O (保存在棕色瓶中) H2SO3H2O+SO2↑ (在加熱或酸性條件下分解)H2CO3H2O+CO2↑ (在加熱或酸性條件下分解)H4SiO4H2SiO3+H2O H2SiO3 SiO2↓+H2OH2S2O3H2O+S↓+SO2↑(在加熱或酸性條件下分解)七．堿 低價(jià)態(tài)的還原性： 4Fe(OH)2+O2+2H2O===4Fe(OH)3與酸性物質(zhì)的作用： 2NaOH+SO2(少量)==Na2SO3+H2O OH–+SO2=SO32–+H2ONaOH+SO2(足)==NaHSO3 OH+SO2(足)=HSO3–2NaOH+SiO2==Na2SiO3+H2O OH+SiO2=SiO32–+H2O2NaOH+Al2O3==2NaAlO2+H2O 2OH+Al2O3=2AlO2–+H2O2KOH+Cl2==KCl+KClO+H2O Cl2+2OH–=Cl–+ClO–+H2ONaOH+HCl==NaCl+H2O H++OH=H2ONaOH+H2S(足)==NaHS+H2O OH–+H2S=HS–+H2O2NaOH+H2S(少量)==Na2S+2H2O 2OH–+H2S=S2–+2H2O3NaOH+AlCl3==Al(OH)3↓+3NaCl 3OH–+Al3+=Al(OH)3↓NaOH+Al(OH)3==NaAlO2+2H2O OH–+Al(OH)3=AlO2–+2H2OCa(OH)2+2NH4Cl2CaCl2+2NH3↑+2H2O (實(shí)驗(yàn)室制NH3)NaOH+NH4ClNaCl+NH3↑+H2O Mg(OH)2+2NH4Cl==MgCl2+2NH3H2O (Al(OH)3+NH4Cl不溶解)Ba(OH)2+H2SO4==BaSO4↓+2H2O 2H++2OH–+Ba2++SO42–=BaSO4↓2H2O不穩(wěn)定性: Mg(OH)2MgO+H2O 2Al(OH)3Al2O3+3H2O2Fe(OH)3Fe2O3+3H2O Cu(OH)2CuO+H2O 2AgOH==Ag2O+H2O 八．鹽 氧化性：(在水溶液中)2FeCl3+Fe==3FeCl2 2Fe3++Fe=3Fe2+ 2FeCl3+Cu===2FeCl2+CuCl2 (用于雕刻銅線路版) 2Fe3++Cu=2Fe2++Cu2+2FeCl3+Zn(少量)===2FeCl2+ZnCl2 2Fe3++Zn=2Fe2++Zn2+ FeCl3+Ag===FeCl2+AgCl↓ 2Fe3++Cl+2Ag=2Fe2++2AgCl↓Fe2(SO4)3+2Ag===FeSO4+Ag2SO4↓ (較難反應(yīng)) Fe(NO3)3+Ag不反應(yīng) 2FeCl3+H2S===2FeCl2+2HCl+S↓ 2Fe3++H2S=2Fe2++2H++S↓2FeCl3+2KI===2FeCl2+2KCl+I2 2Fe3++2I=2Fe2++I2FeCl2+Mg===Fe+MgCl2 Fe2++Mg=Fe+Mg2+NaNO2+NH4Cl==NaCl+N2↑+2H2O (實(shí)驗(yàn)室制氮?dú)? NH4++NO2=N2↑+2H2O 還原性：2FeCl2+3Cl2===2FeCl3 (在水溶液中不需加熱) 2Fe2++3Cl2=2Fe3++6Cl3Na2S+8HNO3(稀)===6NaNO3+2NO↑+3S+4H2O 3S2+8H++2NO3=2NO↑+3S+4H2O3Na2SO3+2HNO3(稀)===3Na2SO4+2NO↑+H2O 3SO32+2H++2NO3=3SO42+2NO↑+H2O2Na2SO3+O2===2Na2SO4 (Na2SO3在空氣中易變質(zhì))Na2SO3+SNa2S2O3 Na2S+Cl2==2NaCl+S↓(在水溶液中) S2+Cl2=2Cl+S↓與堿性物質(zhì)的作用： Ca(OH)2+CuSO4==Cu(OH)2↓+CaSO4↓ (波爾多液) MgCl2+2NH3H2O===Mg(OH)2↓+2NH4Cl Mg2++2NH3H2O=Mg(OH)2↓+2NH4+AlCl3+3NH3H2O===Al(OH)3↓+3NH4Cl Al3++3NH3H2O=Al(OH)2↓+3NH4+FeCl3+3NH3H2O===Fe(OH)3↓+3NH4Cl Fe3++3NH3H2O=Fe(OH)3↓+3NH4+CuSO4+2NH3H2O(不足)==Cu(OH)2↓+(NH4)2SO4 Cu2++2NH3H2O=Cu(OH)2↓+2NH4+Cu(OH)2+4NH3H2O=Cu(NH3)4(OH)2+4H2OCu(OH)2+4NH3H2O=[Cu(NH3)4]2++2OH+4H2O 銅氨溶液CuSO4+4NH3H2O(足)==Cu(NH3)4SO4+4H2O 總方程式Cu2++4NH3H2O=[Cu(NH3)4]2++4H2O 銅氨溶液AgNO3+NH3H2O==AgOH↓+NH4NO3 2AgOH=Ag2O(灰黑色)+H2O Ag2O+4NH3H2O=2[Ag(NH3)2]++2OH+3H2O 銀氨溶液AgNO3+2NH3H2O==Ag(NH3)2NO3+2H2OAg++2NH3H2O=[Ag(NH3)2]++2H2O 總方程式ZnSO4+2NH3H2O(不足)==Zn(OH)2↓+(NH4)2SO4 Zn2++2NH3H2O=Zn(OH)2↓+2NH4+Zn(OH)2+4NH3H2O=Zn(NH3)4(OH)2+4H2OZnSO4+4NH3H2O(足)==Zn(NH3)4SO4+4H2O Zn2++4NH3H2O=[Zn(NH3)4]2++4H2O 總方程式與酸性物質(zhì)的作用：強(qiáng)酸制弱酸，或不揮發(fā)性酸制揮發(fā)性酸Na3PO4+2HCl===Na2HPO4+2NaCl PO43+2H+=H2PO4Na2HPO4+HCl===NaH2PO4+NaCl HPO42+H+=H2PO4NaH2PO4+HCl===H3PO4+NaCl H2PO4+H+=H3PO4Na2CO3+HCl===NaHCO3+NaCl CO32+H+=HCO3NaHCO3+HCl===NaCl+H2O+CO2↑ HCO3+H+=CO2↑+H2O3Na2CO3+2AlCl3+3H2O==2Al(OH)3↓+3CO2↑+6NaCl (物質(zhì)之間的雙水解反應(yīng)) 3CO32+2Al3++3H2O=2Al(OH)3↓+3CO2↑3Na2CO3+2FeCl3+3H2O===2Fe(OH)3↓+3CO2+6NaCl (物