【正文】 +4H++43SO2+4NO↑+2H2ON2+O2 2NO 4P+5O2P4O10(常寫成P2O5) 2P+3X22PX3（X表示F2，Cl2，Br2） PX3+X2 PX5P4+20HNO3(濃)4H3PO4+20NO2↑+4H2O C+2F2CF4 C+2Cl2CCl4 C+O2(足量)CO2 2C+O2(少量)2COC+CO22CO C+H2OCO+H2(生成水煤氣) 2C+SiO2Si+2CO(制得粗硅) Si(粗)+2Cl2SiCl4 (SiCl4+2H2===Si(純)+4HCl) Si(粉)+O2SiO2 Si+CSiC(金剛砂) Si+2NaOH+H2O==Na2SiO3+2H2↑ (Si+2OH+H2O=+2H2↑) 歧化反應(yīng) Cl2+H2O==HCl+HClO（加堿或光照促進(jìn)歧化： (Cl2+H2OH++Cl–+HClO） Cl2+2NaOH==NaCl+NaClO+H2O (Cl2+2OH–=Cl–+ClO–+H2O)Cl2+2Ca(OH)2==CaCl2+Ca(ClO)2+2H2O (Cl2+2OH–=Cl–+ClO–+H2O)3Cl2+6KOH(濃)5KCl+KClO3+3H2O (3Cl2+6OH–5Cl–+ClO3–+3H2O) 3S+6NaOH2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O (3S+6OH–2S2–+SO32–+3H2O)4P+3KOH(濃)+3H2O==PH3↑+3KH2PO2 (4P+3OH–+3H2O==PH3↑+3H2PO2–)11P+15CuSO4+24H2O==5Cu3P+6H3PO4+15H2SO4 3C+CaOCaC2+CO↑ 3C+SiO2SiC+2CO↑ 二．金屬單質(zhì)（Na,Mg,Al,Fe,Cu）的還原性 2Na+H22NaH 4Na+O2==2Na2O 2Na2O+O22Na2O2 2Na+O2Na2O2 2Na+S==Na2S（爆炸） 2Na+2H2O==2NaOH+H2↑ 2Na+2H2O=2Na++2OH―+H2↑2Na+2NH3==2NaNH2+H2↑ 2Na+2NH3=2Na++2NH2―+H2↑4Na+TiCl4 4NaCl+Ti Mg+Cl2MgCl2 Mg+Br2MgBr2 2Mg+O22MgO Mg+SMgS2Cu+SCu2S (Cu2S只能由單質(zhì)制備) Mg+2H2OMg(OH)2+H2↑ 2Mg+TiCl4Ti+2MgCl2 Mg+2RbClMgCl2+2Rb 2Mg+CO22MgO+C 2Mg+SiO22MgO+Si Mg+H2S==MgS+H2 Mg+H2SO4==MgSO4+H2↑ (Mg+2H+=Mg2++H2↑)2Al+3Cl22AlCl3 4Al+3O2===2Al2O3 (常溫生成致密氧化膜而鈍化，在氧氣中燃燒)4Al(Hg)+3O2+2xH2O===2()+4Hg（鋁汞齊） 4Al+3MnO22Al2O3+3Mn 2Al+Cr2O3Al2O3+2Cr (鋁熱反應(yīng))2Al+Fe2O3Al2O3+2Fe 2Al+3FeOAl2O3+3Fe 2Al+6HCl===2AlCl3+3H2↑ 2Al+6H+=2Al3++3H2↑2Al+3H2SO4===Al2(SO4)3+3H2↑ 2Al+6H+=2Al3++3H2↑2Al+6H2SO4(濃)===Al2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O (Al,Fe在冷,濃的H2SO4,HNO3中鈍化) Al+4HNO3(稀)===Al(NO3)3+NO↑+2H2O Al+4H++NO3–=Al3++NO↑+2H2O 2Al+2NaOH+2H2O===2NaAlO2+3H2↑ 2Al+2OH–+2H2O=2AlO2–+3H2↑2Fe+3Br2===2FeBr3 3Fe+2O2 Fe3O4 2Fe+O22FeO (煉鋼過程)Fe+I2FeI2 Fe+SFeS (FeS既能由單質(zhì)制備，又能由離子制備)3Fe+4H2O(g)Fe3O4+4H2↑ Fe+2HCl===FeCl2+H2↑ Fe+2H+=Fe2++H2↑ Fe+CuCl2===FeCl2+Cu Fe+Cu2+=Fe2++Cu↓ Fe+SnCl4===FeCl2+SnCl2(鐵在酸性環(huán)境下,不能把四氯化錫完全還原為單質(zhì)錫Fe+SnCl2==FeCl2+Sn↓ Fe+Sn2+=Fe2++Sn↓ 三．非金屬氫化物(HF,HCl,H2O,H2S,NH3) 金屬氫化物(NaH)還原性: 4HCl(濃)+MnO2MnCl2+Cl2↑+2H2O 4H++2Cl–+MnO2Mn2++Cl2↑+2H2O4HCl(濃)+PbO2PbCl2+Cl2↑+2H2O 4H++2Cl–+PbO2Pb2++Cl2↑+2H2O4HCl(g)+O22Cl2+2H2O 16HCl+2KMnO4===2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2↑+8H2O16 H++10Cl+2MnO4–=2Mn2++5Cl2↑+8H2 6HCl+KClO3==KCl+3Cl2↑+3H2O 6H++5Cl–+ClO3–=3Cl2↑+3H2O14HCl+K2Cr2O7===2KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2↑+7H2O 14H++6Cl–+Cr2O72–=2Cr3++5Cl2↑+7H2O2H2O+2F2===4HF+O2 2HCl+F2=2HF+Cl2 (F2氣與HCl、HBr、HI、H2S、NH3氣體不能共存)2HBr+Cl2=2HCl+Br2 (Cl2氣與HBr、HI、H2S、NH3氣體不能共存)2H2S+3O2(足量)2SO2+2H2O 2H2S+O2(少量)2S↓+2H2O 2H2S+SO2===3S↓+2H2O H2S+H2SO4(濃)===S↓+SO2↑+2H2O 3H2S+2HNO3(稀)===3S↓+2NO↑+4H2O 3H2S+2H++2NO3–=3S↓+2NO↑+4H2O5H2S+2KMnO4+3H2SO4===2MnSO4+K2SO4+5S↓+8H2O 5H2S+2MnO4–+6H+=2Mn2++5S↓+8H2O 3H2S+K2Cr2O7+4H2SO4===Cr2(SO4)3+K2SO4+3S↓+7H2O3H2S+Cr2O72–+8H+===2Cr3++3S↓+7H2OH2S+4Na2O2+2H2O===Na2SO4+6NaOH H2S+4Na2O2+2H2O=8Na+++2NH3+3CuO3Cu+N2+3H2O 2NH3+3Cl2===N2+6HCl 8NH3+3Cl2===N2+6NH4Cl NH3+NaNO2+HCl==NaCl+N2↑+2H2O NH3+NO2–+H+=N2↑+2H2O4NH3+3O2(純氧)2N2+6H2O 4NH3+5O24NO+6H2O 4NH3+6NO===5N2+6H2O (用氨清除NO) NaH+H2O===NaOH+H2↑ (生氫劑) NaH+H2O=Na++OH–+H2↑4NaH+TiCl4Ti+4NaCl+2H2↑ CaH2+2H2O=Ca(OH)2↓+2H2↑ 酸性: 4HF+SiO2===SiF4+2H2O（可測定礦樣或鋼樣中SiO2的含量，玻璃雕刻）4HF+Si===SiF4+2H2↑ 2HF+CaCl2===CaF2+2HCl H2S+Fe===FeS↓+H2↑ H2S+CuCl2===CuS↓+2HCl (弱酸制強(qiáng)酸的典型反應(yīng)) H2S+Cu2+=CuS↓+2H+ H2S+2AgNO3===Ag2S↓+2HNO3 H2S+2Ag+=Ag2S↓+2H+H2S+HgCl2===HgS↓+2HCl H2S+Hg2+=HgS↓+2H+H2S+Pb(NO3)2===PbS↓+2HNO3 (鉛試紙檢驗空氣中H2S) H2S+Pb2+=PbS↓+2H+H2S+2Ag===Ag2S+H2↑(銀器在空氣中變黑的原因)2NH3(液)+2Na==2NaNH2+H2↑ (NaNH2+H2O===NaOH+NH3↑) NH3的堿性： NH3+HX===NH4X (X：F、Cl、Br、I、S)NH3+HNO3===NH4NO3 NH3+H+=NH4+ 2NH3+H2SO4===(NH4)2SO4 NH3+H+=NH4+NH3+NaCl+H2O+CO2===NaHCO3+NH4Cl（侯德榜制堿：用于工業(yè)制備小蘇打，蘇打）NH3+H2S==NH4HS NH3+H2S=NH4++HS不穩(wěn)定性： 2HFH2+F2 2HClH2+Cl2 2H2O2H2+O22H2O2===2H2O+O2 H2SH2+S 2NH3N2+3H2 2HIH2+I2 四．非金屬氧化物(SOSON2O、NO、N2ONON2ON2OCO、COSiOP2OP2OCl2O、Cl2OCl2OCl2OClO2)低價態(tài)的還原性：(SOCO、NO)2SO2+O2+2H2O===2H2SO4（這是SO2在大氣中緩慢發(fā)生的環(huán)境化學(xué)反應(yīng)） 2SO2+O22SO3 SO2+NO2===SO3+NOSO2+Cl2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HCl Cl2+SO2+2H2O=4H++SO42–+2Cl–SO2+Br2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HBr Br2+SO2+2H2O=4H++SO42–+2Br–SO2+I2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HI I2+SO2+2H2O=4H++SO42–+2I–2NO+O2===2NO2 NO+NO2+2NaOH===2NaNO2（用于制硝酸工業(yè)中吸收尾氣中的NO和NO2）NO+NO2+2OH–=2NO2– 2CO+O22CO2 CO+CuOCu+CO2 3CO+Fe2O32Fe+3CO2 CO+H2OCO2+H2 氧化性： SO2+2H2S===3S+2H2O SO3+2KIK2