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人稱(chēng) 人稱(chēng) 人稱(chēng) 人稱(chēng) 形容詞性 my your his/her its our your/their物主代詞 名詞性 mine yours his/hers its ours yours/theirs物主代詞 如: I like his car. 我喜歡他的小汽車(chē)?! ?Our school is here,and theirs is there. 我們的學(xué)校在這兒,他們的在那兒?!∪?指示代詞表示那個(gè)、這個(gè)、這些、那些等指示概念的代詞。指示代詞有this,that,these,those等?! ∪纾?That is a good idea. 那是個(gè)好主意。 四、 表示我自己、你自己、他自己、我們自己、你們自己和他們自己等的代詞,叫做自身代詞,也稱(chēng)為反身代詞?! ∪纾?She was talking to herself. 她自言自語(yǔ)?!∥?、 表示相互關(guān)系的代詞叫相互代詞,有each other 和one another兩組,但在運(yùn)用中,這兩組詞沒(méi)什么區(qū)別?! ∪纾?They love each other. 他們彼此相愛(ài)?! ×?、 不是指明代替任何特定名詞的代詞叫做不定代詞。常見(jiàn)的不定代詞有a11,both,each,every等,以及含有some,any,no等的合成代詞,如anybody, something,no one。這些不定代詞大都可以代替名詞和形容詞,在句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ), 但none和由some,any,no等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞只能作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ);every和no只能作定語(yǔ)。如: Do you have a car? 你有一輛小汽車(chē)嗎? Yes,I have one. 是的,我有一輛。 I don39。t know any of them. 他們,我一個(gè)也不認(rèn)識(shí)?!∑摺?疑問(wèn)代詞有who,whom,whose,what和which等。在句子中用來(lái)構(gòu)成特殊疑問(wèn)句。疑問(wèn)代詞都可用作連接代詞,引導(dǎo)名詞性從句(主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句) 如:Tell me who he is. 告訴我他是誰(shuí)?!“恕?關(guān)系代詞有who,whom,whose,that,which,as等,可用作引導(dǎo)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞。它們?cè)诙ㄕZ(yǔ)從句中可作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等;另一方面它們又代表主句中為定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的那個(gè)名詞或代詞(通稱(chēng)為先行詞)?! ∪纾?He is the man whom you have been looking for. 他就是你要找的那個(gè)人。1)人稱(chēng)代詞的主格在句子中作主語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ),例如: John waited a while but eventually he went home. 約翰等了一會(huì)兒,最后他回家了?!?John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she. 約翰希望那位乘客是瑪麗,還真是她。說(shuō)明:在復(fù)合句中,如果主句和從句主語(yǔ)相同,代詞主語(yǔ)要用在從句中,名詞主語(yǔ)用在主句中,例如: When he arrived, John went straight to the bank. 約翰一到就直接去銀行了。2)人稱(chēng)代詞的賓格在句子中作賓語(yǔ)或介詞賓語(yǔ),但在口語(yǔ)中也能作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ),第一人稱(chēng)在省略句中,還可以作主語(yǔ),例如: I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her. 我看到她和他們?cè)谝黄?,至少我認(rèn)為是她。(her做賓 語(yǔ),them做介詞賓語(yǔ),her做主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)) a. Who broke the vase? 誰(shuí)打碎了花瓶? b. Me. 我。(me做主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)= It39。s me.)說(shuō)明:在上面兩例句中,her和me分別作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)?,F(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中多用賓格,在正式文體中這里應(yīng)為she和I。、賓格的替換1) 賓格代替主格 ,當(dāng)人稱(chēng)代詞單獨(dú)使用或在not 后,多用賓語(yǔ)。 I like English. 我喜歡英語(yǔ)?! ?Me too. 我也喜歡?! ?Have more wine? 再來(lái)點(diǎn)酒喝嗎? Not me. 我可不要了?!?,常用賓格代替主格。 但如果比較狀語(yǔ)的謂語(yǔ)保留,則主語(yǔ)只能用主格?! ?He is taller than I/me. He is taller than I am.2) 主格代替賓格 a. 在介詞but,except 后,有時(shí)可用主格代替賓格。 b. 在電話(huà)用語(yǔ)中常用主格?! ? I wish to speak to Mary. 我想和瑪麗通話(huà)?! ? This is she. 我就是瑪麗。 注意:在動(dòng)詞be 或to be 后的人稱(chēng)代詞視其前面的名詞或代詞而定?! ?I thought it was she. 我以為是她?! ?主格主格) I thought it to be her. (賓格賓格) I was taken to be she. 我被當(dāng)成了她?! ?主格主格) They took me to be her. 他們把我當(dāng)成了她?! ?(賓格賓格)1)不定代詞 anybody,everybody,nobody,anyone, someone, everyone,no one, 及whoever和person在正式場(chǎng)合使用時(shí),可用he, his, him代替?! ?Nobody came, did he? 誰(shuí)也沒(méi)來(lái),是嗎? 2)動(dòng)物名詞的指代一般用it或they代替,有時(shí)也用he, she,帶有親切的感情色彩?! ?Give the cat some food. She is hungry. 給這貓一些吃的。她餓了。 3)指代車(chē)或國(guó)家,船舶的名詞,含感情色彩時(shí)常用she。1) 單數(shù)人稱(chēng)代詞并列作主語(yǔ)時(shí),其順序?yàn)椋骸 ?第二人稱(chēng) - 第三人稱(chēng) - 第一人稱(chēng) you - he/she?!t I You, he and I should return on time. 2) 復(fù)數(shù)人稱(chēng)代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),其順序?yàn)椋骸 ?第一人稱(chēng) - 第二人稱(chēng) - 第三人稱(chēng) we?。ou - They注意: 在下列情況中,第一人稱(chēng)放在前面?! . 在承認(rèn)錯(cuò)誤,承擔(dān)責(zé)任時(shí), It was I and John that made her angry. 是我和約翰惹她生氣了?! . 在長(zhǎng)輩對(duì)晚輩,長(zhǎng)官對(duì)下屬說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí),如長(zhǎng)官為第一人稱(chēng), 如:I and you try to finish it. c. 并列主語(yǔ)只有第一人稱(chēng)和第三人稱(chēng)時(shí), d. 當(dāng)其他人稱(chēng)代詞或名詞被定語(yǔ)從句修飾時(shí)。1)物主代詞既有表示所屬的作用又有指代作用,例如: John had cut his finger。 apparently there was a broken glass on his desk. 約翰割破了手指,顯而易見(jiàn),他桌子上有個(gè)破玻璃杯?!?物主代詞有形容詞性(my, your等)和名詞性(mine, yours等)兩種,形容詞性的物主代詞屬于限定詞?!?名詞性的物主代詞在用法上相當(dāng)于省略了中心名詞的 39。s屬格結(jié)構(gòu),例如: Jack39。s cap 意為 The cap is Jack39。s. His cap 意為 The cap is his. 2) 名詞性物主代詞的句法功能 a. 作主語(yǔ),例如: May I use your pen? Yours works better. 我可以用一用你的鋼筆嗎? 你的比我的好用。 b. 作賓語(yǔ),例如: I love my motherland as much as you love yours. 我愛(ài)我的祖國(guó)就像你愛(ài)你的祖國(guó)一樣深?! . 作介詞賓語(yǔ),例如: Your should interpret what I said in my sense of the word, not in yours. 你應(yīng)當(dāng)按我所用的詞義去解釋我說(shuō)的話(huà),而不能按你自己的意義去解釋?! . 作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ),例如: The life I have is yours. It39。s yours. It39。s yours. 我的生命屬于你,屬于你,屬于你。物主代詞不可與 a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any, several, no, each, every, such, another, which等詞一起前置,修飾一個(gè)名詞,而必須用雙重所有格?!」綖椋骸?a, an, this, that +名詞+of +名詞性物主代詞。如: a friend of mine. each brother of his. 1) 列表 I you you she he myself yourself yourselves herself himselfwe they it oneourselves themselves itself oneself 2)做賓語(yǔ) a. 有些動(dòng)詞需有反身代詞 absent, bathe, amuse, blame, dry, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, behave We enjoyed ourselves very much last night. 我們昨晚玩得很開(kāi)心?! ?Please help yourself to some fish. 請(qǐng)你隨便吃點(diǎn)魚(yú)?!?b. 用于及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+介詞 take pride in, be annoyed with, help oneself to sth. I could not dress (myself) up at that time. 那個(gè)時(shí)候我不能打扮我自己?! ∽ⅲ河行﹦?dòng)詞后不跟反身代詞, get up, sitdown, stand up, wake up等?! lease sit down. 請(qǐng)坐?!?) 作表語(yǔ); 同位語(yǔ) be oneself: I am not myself today. 我今天不舒服?! he thing itself is not important. 事情本身并不重要?! ?) 在不強(qiáng)調(diào)的情況下,but, except, for 等介詞后賓語(yǔ)用反身代詞或人稱(chēng)代詞賓格均可。如:No one but myself (me) is hurt.注意: a. 反身代詞本身不能單獨(dú)作主語(yǔ)?! ?錯(cuò)) Myself drove the car. (對(duì)) I myself drove the car. 我自己開(kāi)車(chē)?! . 但在and, or, nor連接的并列主語(yǔ)中,第二個(gè)主語(yǔ)可用反身代詞,特別是myself 作主語(yǔ)?! harles and myself saw it. 5)第二人稱(chēng)作賓語(yǔ),要用反身代詞。 You should be proud of yourself. 你應(yīng)為自己感到驕傲。1)相互代詞只有each other和one another兩個(gè)詞組。他們表示句中動(dòng)詞所敘述的動(dòng)作或感覺(jué)在涉及的各個(gè)對(duì)象之間是相互存在的,例如: It is easy to see that the people of different cultures have always copied each other. 顯而易見(jiàn),不同文化的人總是相互借鑒的?!?) 相互代詞的句法功能: a. 作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ); People should love one another. 人們應(yīng)當(dāng)彼此相愛(ài)?! . 可作介詞賓語(yǔ); Does bark, cocks crow, frogs croak to each other. 吠、雞鳴、蛙兒對(duì)唱?!≌f(shuō)明:傳統(tǒng)語(yǔ)法認(rèn)為,相互關(guān)系存在于兩個(gè)人或物之間用each other, 存在于兩個(gè)以上人和物之間用one another?,F(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中,兩組詞交替使用的實(shí)例也很多,例如: He put all the books beside each other. 他把所有書(shū)并列擺放起來(lái)?! e put all the books beside one another. 他把所有書(shū)并列擺放起來(lái)?! sually these small groups were independent of each other. 這些小團(tuán)體通常是相互獨(dú)立的?! . 相互代詞可加39。s構(gòu)成所有格,例如: The students borrowed each other39。s notes. 學(xué)生們互借筆記。1) 指示代詞分單數(shù)(this / that)和復(fù)數(shù)(these / those)兩種形式,既可作限