【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 eheartofthistown,”saidHansKaspersen, 63,afisherman. “Lotsofpeoplehavelosttheirlivelihoods.”“捕魚是這個小鎮(zhèn)的核心?！苯衲?3歲的漁民漢斯?卡斯佩森(HansKaspersen)說，“很多人失去了生計。”ButevenaswarmingtemperaturesareupendingtraditionalGreenlandiclife,theyarealsoofferingupintriguingnewopportunitiesforthisstateof57,000 —perhapsnowheremoresothanhereinNarsaq.盡管逐漸升高的氣溫正在顛覆著格陵蘭人傳統(tǒng)的生活方式，這種機遇在納薩克可能最為明顯。VastnewdepositsofmineralsandgemsarebeingdiscoveredasGreenland’smassiveicecaprecedes,formingthebasisofapotentiallylucrativeminingindustry.隨著格陵蘭島廣袤的冰蓋逐漸消融，人們發(fā)現(xiàn)了儲量豐富的新礦產(chǎn)和寶石，這為潛在利潤巨大的采礦業(yè)奠定了基礎(chǔ)。Oneoftheworld’slargestdepositsofrareearthmetals—essentialformanufacturingcellphones,windturbinesandelectriccars—sitsjustoutsideNarsaq.全球最大的稀土金屬礦藏就坐落在納薩克城外不遠處，稀土金屬在生產(chǎn)手機、風力渦輪機和電動汽車時必不可少。ThiscouldbemomentousforGreenland,whichhaslongreliedonhalfabilliondollarsayearinwelfarepaymentsfromDenmark,itsparentstate.MiningprofitscouldhelpGreenlandbeeeconomicallyselfsufficientandrenderitthefirstsovereignnationcreatedbyglobalwarming.對格陵蘭島而言，這可能具有重大意義。很長時間以來，格陵蘭島一直依賴其母國丹麥每年撥付的5億美元資金支持維持運行。采礦利潤可能會幫助格陵蘭島實現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟上的自給自足，成為第一個因全球變暖而成立的主權(quán)國家。“Oneofourgoalsistoobtainindependence,”saidVittusQujaukitsoq,aprominentlaborunionleader.知名工會領(lǐng)袖維圖斯?奎奧基茨克(VittusQujaukitsoq)說，“我們的目標之一是取得獨立?！盉uttherapidtransitionfromasocietyofindividualfishermenandhunterstoaneconomysupportedbycorporateminingraisesdifficultquestions.HowwouldGreenland’sinsularsettlementstolerateaninfluxofthousandsofPolishorChineseconstructionworkers,ashasbeenproposed?WillminingdespoilanaturalenvironmentessentialtoGreenland’snationalidentity—thewhalesandseals,thesilenticyfjords,andmythicpolarbears?Canfishermanreinventthemselvesasminers?然而，把一個由個體漁民和獵人組成的社會，迅速轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橛善髽I(yè)采礦支撐的經(jīng)濟體，也引發(fā)了一些難題。比如，格陵蘭島上與世隔絕的定居點，如何承受計劃招徠的數(shù)千名波蘭或中國建筑工人？采礦是否會破壞格陵蘭島的國家形象（鯨、海豹、寂靜的冰川海灣，以及神秘的北極熊）所不可或缺的自然環(huán)境？漁民們能夠把自身重塑成礦工嗎？“Ithinkminingwillbethefuture,butthisisadifficultphase,”saidJensB.Frederiksen,Greenland’shousingandinfrastructureministerandadeputypremier. “It’saplanthatnoteveryonewants.It’sabouttraditions,thefreedomofaboat,familyprofessions.”“我認為采礦就是我們的未來，但現(xiàn)在是一個艱難的階段?！备窳晏m住房與基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施部長、副總理延斯?B?佛雷德利克森(JensB.Frederiksen)說，“這并不是一個所有人都贊成的計劃，它會涉及傳統(tǒng)、駕船的自由，以及代代相傳的職業(yè)?！盩heArcticiswarmingevenfasterthanotherpartsoftheplanet,andtherapidlymeltingiceiscausingalarmamongscientistsaboutsealevelrise.InnortheasternGreenland,averageyearlytemperaturehaverisendegreesinthepast15years,andscientistspredicttheareacouldwarmby14to21degreesbytheendofthecentury.北極變暖的速度比地球上其他任何地方都快，而迅速融化的冰川引起了科學家對海平面上升的警覺。過去15年中。而科學家預測，到本世紀末，該地區(qū)氣溫會升高14至21度。Already,winterpackicethatcoversthefjordsisnolongerstableenoughfordogsleddingandsnowmobiletrafficinmanyareas.Winterfishing,essentialtofeedingfamilies,isbeinghazardousorimpossible.在很多地區(qū)，冬季覆蓋在峽灣里的浮冰已經(jīng)不夠穩(wěn)固，狗拉雪橇和摩托雪橇都無法通行了。冬季捕魚是為很多家庭提供食物的重要手段，但現(xiàn)在卻變得很危險，甚至不可能了。IthaslongbeenknownthatGreenlandsatuponvastminerallodes,andtheDanishgovernmenthasmappedthemintermittentlyfordecades.NielsBohr,Denmark’sNobelPrizewinningnuclearphysicistandamemberoftheManhattanProject,visitedNarsaqin1957becauseofitsuraniumdeposits.格陵蘭島地下蘊藏著巨大的礦藏這一點久為人知。幾十年來，丹麥政府已經(jīng)斷斷續(xù)續(xù)地繪制了這些礦藏的分布圖。參與過曼哈頓計劃(ManhattanProject)的丹麥核物理學家、諾貝爾獎得主尼爾斯?玻爾(NielsBohr)曾在1957年造訪納薩克，原因是這里有鈾礦藏。Butpreviousattemptsatminingmostlyfailed,provingtooexpensiveintheinclementconditions.Now,warminghasalteredtheequation.然而，之前的開采嘗試幾乎都失敗了，事實證明在嚴酷的環(huán)境下采礦，成本過于高昂。如今，氣候變暖讓這個等式發(fā)生了變化。Greenland’sBureauofMineralsandPetroleum,chargedwithmanagingtheboom,currentlyhas150activelicensesformineralexploration,upfrom20adecadeago.Altogether,paniesspent$100millionexploringGreenland’sdepositslastyear,andseveralareapplyingforlicensestobeginconstructiononnewmines,bearinggold,ironandzincandrareearths.Therearealsoforeignpaniesexploringforoffshoreoil.負責對開發(fā)熱潮進行管理的格陵蘭礦產(chǎn)與石油管理局(BureauofMineralsandPetroleum)目前發(fā)放的有效的礦產(chǎn)勘探許可證有150份，而十年前僅為20份。去年，各企業(yè)總計投入了1億美元用于勘探格陵蘭島的礦藏。有幾家公司正在申請在新礦藏進行建設(shè)的許可證。這些新礦蘊藏著金、鐵、鋅和稀土。也有一些外國公司在勘探近海石油。“Forme,Iwouldn’tmindifthewholeicecapdisappears,”saidOleChristiansen,thechiefexecutiveofNunamMinerals,Greenland’slargesthomegrownminingpany,ashepickedhiswayalongaproposedgoldminingsiteupthefjordfromNuuk,Greenland’scapital. “Asitmelts,we’reseeingnewplaceswithveryattractivegeology.”“就我而言，我不介意整個冰蓋都消失?！备窳晏m島最大的本土礦業(yè)公司NunamMinerals首席執(zhí)行官奧勒?克里斯蒂安森(OleChristiansen)說。他正從格陵蘭島首都努克沿著峽灣前往一處提議的金礦開采地?！半S著冰蓋的融化，我們看到了地貌特征更引人入勝的新地方?！盩heBlackAngelleadandzincmine,whichclosedin1990,isapplyingtoreopenthisyear,saidJorgenT.HammekenHolm,whooverseeslicensingatthecountry’sminingbureau, “becausetheiceisinretreatandyou’regettingmuchmoretoexplore.”在格陵蘭礦務(wù)局負責許可證發(fā)放的官員約爾延?T?哈梅肯霍爾姆(JorgenT.HammekenHolm)表示，1990年關(guān)停的黑天使(BlackAngel)鉛鋅礦，正在申請今年重新開礦。她說，“因為冰川正在消退，可供勘探的地方越來越多了?！盩heGreenlandicgovernmenthopesthatminingwillprovidenewrevenue.IngrantingGreenlandhomerulein2009,Denmarkfrozeitsannualsubsidy,whichisscheduledtobedecreasedfurtherintheingyears.格陵蘭政府希望采礦能帶來新的收入。2009年，丹麥允許格陵蘭實行地方自治，并將凍結(jié)給格陵蘭島撥付的年度補貼。根據(jù)安排，補貼金額會在接下來的幾年里進一步減少。HereinNarsaq,acollectionofbrightlypaintedhomesborderedbyspectacularfjords,twoforeignpaniesareapplyingtothegovernmentforpermissiontomine.在納薩克當?shù)兀黄课萃恐髁恋念伾?，不遠處就是壯觀的峽灣。兩家外國公司正在向政府申請采礦許可。“Thisishuge。wecouldbeminingthisforthenext100years,”saidEricSondergaard,ageologistwiththeAustralianownedpanyGreenlandMineralsandEnergy,whowasontheoutskirtsofNarsaqonedayrecently,pickingatrocksonamoonlikeplateaurichwithanestimatedmilliontonsofrareearthore.