【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 轉(zhuǎn)致。 要點(diǎn)：（ 1）國家主權(quán)原則 ①國家之間應(yīng)相互尊重對方的立法權(quán) ②國家之間應(yīng)相互尊重對方國家的司法管轄權(quán) ③平等地適用本國法或外國 法 （ 2）平等互利原則 ①主權(quán)國家之間的法律地位平等 ②當(dāng)事人之間的法律地位平等 （ 3）遵守國際條約，參照國際慣例原則 （ 4）保護(hù)當(dāng)事人合法利益原則 四、案例分析題 1）不能因?yàn)楦鶕?jù)我國法律，涉外離婚應(yīng)通過司法程序解決 2）有，應(yīng)適用中國法律，離婚應(yīng)適用法院地法。 不承認(rèn) 邊、王二人的分居協(xié)議是按巴西法律作出的巴西不準(zhǔn)離婚的法律與我國婚姻法有關(guān)規(guī)定相抵觸，承認(rèn)和執(zhí)行邊、王二伯分居協(xié)議有悖于我國的公共秩序，所以我國不 能承認(rèn)邊、王二人分居協(xié)議的效力。 一國法院及一國駐外使館承認(rèn)與執(zhí)行的只能是一國法院的判決或仲裁機(jī)構(gòu)的裁決，而不能是當(dāng)事人之間的協(xié)議。 請您刪除一下內(nèi)容， O(∩ _∩ )O 謝謝?。?！ 2021 年中央電大期末復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄大全，電大期末考試必備小抄，電大考試必過小抄Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter released from nerve endings (terminals) in both the peripheral and the central nervous systems. It is synthesized within the nerve terminal from choline, taken up from the tissue fluid into the nerve ending by a specialized transport mechanism. The enzyme necessary for this synthesis is formed in the nerve cell body and passes down the axon to its end, carried in the axoplasmic flow, the slow movement of intracellular substance (cytoplasm). Acetylcholine is stored in the nerve terminal, sequestered in small vesicles awaiting release. When a nerve action potential reaches and invades the nerve terminal, a shower of acetylcholine vesicles is released into the junction (synapse) between the nerve terminal and the ?effector‘ cell which the nerve activates. This may be another nerve cell or a muscle or gland cell. Thus electrical signals are converted to chemical signals, allowing messages to be passed between nerve cells or between nerve cells and nonnerve cells. This process is termed ?chemical neurotransmission‘ and was first demonstrated, for nerves to the heart, by the German pharmacologist Loewi in 1921. Chemical transmission involving acetylcholine is known as ?cholinergic‘. Acetylcholine acts as a transmitter between motor nerves and the fibres of skeletal muscle at all neuromuscular junctions. At this type of synapse, the nerve terminal is closely apposed to the cell membrane of a muscle fibre at the socalled motor end plate. On release, acetylcholine acts almost instantly, to cause a sequence of chemical and physical events (starting with depolarization of the motor endplate) which cause contraction of the muscle fibre. This is exactly what is required for voluntary muscles in which a rapid response to a mand is required. The action of acetylcholine is terminated rapidly, in around 10 milliseconds。 an enzyme (cholinesterase) breaks the transmitter down into choline and an acetate ion. The choline is then available for reuptake into the nerve terminal. These same principles apply to cholinergic transmission at sites other than neuromuscular junctions, although the structure of the synapses differs. In the autonomic nervous system these include nervetonerve synapses at the relay stations (ganglia) in both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions, and the endings of parasympathetic nerve fibres on nonvoluntary (smooth) muscle, the heart, and glandular cells。 in response to activation of this nerve supply, smooth muscle contracts (notably in the gut), the frequency of heart beat is slowed, and glands secrete. Acetylcholine is also an important transmitter at many sites in the brain at nervetonerve synapses. To understand how acetylcholine brings about a variety of effects in different cells it is necessary to understand membrane receptors. In postsynaptic membranes (those of the cells on which the nerve fibres terminate) there are many different sorts of receptors and some are receptors for acetylcholine. These are protein molecules that react specifically with acetylcholine in a reversible fashion. It is the plex of receptor bined with acetylcholine which brings about a biophysical reaction, resulting in the response from the receptive cell. Two major types of acetylcholine receptors exist in the membranes of cells. The type in skeletal muscle is known as ?nicotinic‘。 in glands, smooth muscle, and the heart they are ?muscarinic‘。 and there are some of each type in the brain. These terms are used because nicotine mimics the action of acetylcholine at nicotinic receptors, whereas muscarine, an alkaloid from the mushroom Amanita muscaria, mimics the action of acetylcholine at the muscarinic receptors. Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter produced by neurons referred to as cholinergic neurons. In the peripheral nervous system acetylcholine plays a role in skeletal muscle movement,