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)人口慣性 ( 3)文化及社會因素的影響。 (三)人口問題對社會經(jīng)濟發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了巨大影響,危害顯著,主要有以下幾點:( 1)大量新增人口消耗掉了物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)的新增 部分,也就降低了人民的物質(zhì)生活水平。( 2)大量新增人口日后必然會帶來嚴重的就業(yè)問題。( 3)我國人口文化程度低,必將對現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)產(chǎn)生不利影響。( 4)我國老齡化群體迅速擴大,人口老齡化進程加快也對經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展,對老年人的贍養(yǎng)及人們的家庭帶來重要影響。 (四)解決我國人口問題的途徑有以下幾點:( 1)控制人口數(shù)量。( 2)提高人口素質(zhì)。主要要靠立法和教育改革來提高人口素質(zhì)。( 3)大力發(fā)展經(jīng)濟。 大力發(fā)展經(jīng)濟增加社會財富可以直接提高人們的物質(zhì)生活水平,興辦各種社會文化事業(yè),可以創(chuàng)造更多地就業(yè)崗位,提供更多的勞動機會,直接緩 解過剩人口壓力。 試述馬洛斯需求層次論: 答: ( 1)馬斯洛的需要層次理論是從人的需要出發(fā),探討調(diào)動人的積極性的理論。是行為科學(xué)激勵理論的主要理論之一。 ( 2)馬斯洛的激勵理論強調(diào)兩點:第一,人的需要極少達到完全滿足的狀態(tài);第二,一個欲望滿足后另一個迅速出現(xiàn)并取代它的位置。 ( 3)馬斯洛把人的需要分成五個等級:生理需要、安全需要、歸屬和愛的需要、自尊的需要、自我實現(xiàn)的需要。 ( 4)這五種需要的關(guān)系是: ① 需要由低級向高級發(fā)展。 ② 較低級的需要得到部分的合理的滿足之后,較高級需要才會成為追求的需要,而成為有推動力的激勵因素。 ③ 高級需要比低級需要更能持久地激勵人。 ④ 可以同時部分滿足幾種需要,但總有一個是主要的即優(yōu)勢需要。 ⑤ 并不是所有的人的需要都按這個順序發(fā)展,有時可以顛倒和超越。 ⑥ 馬斯洛把需要的滿足看成是重要的。 ( 5)馬斯洛的需要層次理論較好解釋了人的需要的變化規(guī)律及人的積極性產(chǎn)生的具體原因。在微觀分析上,一定程度上豐富、發(fā)展了馬克思主義的需要理論。 科層制及其功能分析: 答: 科層制是德國社會學(xué)家韋伯提出的社會組織內(nèi)部職位分層、權(quán)力分等、分科設(shè)層、各司其職的組織結(jié)構(gòu)形式及管理方式。 科層制的主要特征是: ( 1)內(nèi)部分 工,且每一成員的權(quán)力和責(zé)任都有明確規(guī)定。 ( 2)職位分等,下級接受上級指揮。 ( 3)組織成員都是具備各專業(yè)技術(shù)資格而被選中的。 ( 4)管理人員是專職的公職人員,而不是該企業(yè)的所有者。 ( 5)組織內(nèi)部有嚴格的規(guī)定、紀律,并毫無例外地普遍適用。 ( 6)組織內(nèi)部排除私人感情,成員間的關(guān)系只是工作關(guān)系。 科層制的最大優(yōu)點是能更有效地實現(xiàn)組織目標(biāo),即它可以實現(xiàn)組織運轉(zhuǎn)的高效率??茖又谱鳛橐环N組織和管理方式,對無規(guī)則低效率的傳統(tǒng)管理方式來講是一種進步,它可以推動、保障組織和機構(gòu)的順利運行,有效實現(xiàn)組織目標(biāo)。 但是,科層 制是不現(xiàn)實的,是純粹理想型的。它沒有考慮到組織環(huán)境變化對組織運行的影響,也沒有考慮組織成員的多種需求,實際上,社會組織的環(huán)境與加入組織的成員都在不斷變化,預(yù)先的詳細規(guī)定往往不能適應(yīng)現(xiàn)實的要求,從而束縛了人的積極性,影 影響組織效率。 請您刪除一下內(nèi)容, O(∩_∩)O 謝謝?。?! 2021 年中央電大期末復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄大全,電大期末考試必備小抄,電大考試必過小抄 Shanghai’s Suzhou Creek has witnessed much of the city’s history. Zhou Wenting travels this storied body of water and finds its most fascinating spots. Some lucky cities can boast a great body of water, like London with the river Thames and Paris with the river Seine. Shanghai is privileged enough to have two great bodies of water : Huangpu River and Suzhou River became famous when colonists established clusters of grand buildings on its banks on what became known as the bund. Today, the bund overlooks the breathtaking skyline of Lujiazui financial district. Shanghai’s other body of water, however, Suzhou Creek, has been somewhat overshadowed. Suzhou Creek links the inland cities of Jiangsu province with Shanghai. When the British colonists, who arrived in the city after it was opened as a mercial port in 1843 found they could reach Suzhou, Jiangsu province, via the creek, they named it Suzhou Creek. Thanks to its location, a large amount of cargo and travelers were transported via the creek before rail links were established. But after a century of being utilized as a waterway to transport goods and labor, the creek grew dark and smelly. Industrial factories were established along the banks. In the 1990s it became a key task of the city government to clean the creek. Suzhou Creek, which snakes 17 km from the iconic Waibaidu Bridge downtown to the outer ring road in west Shanghai, maps the changing periods of the city’s history, including the imprints of the concessions, the beginning of industrialization and the improvement in people’s living conditions. Where the Bund began Inbetween the shopping street of East Nanjing Road and the Bund, are a cluster of streets that give me the illusion that I am no longer in modern Shanghai. The streets are narrow and old and crisscross each other. Any old residential house may turn out to be a former office of the British, constructed in the 1880s. Pawnshops and hardware stores that are hard to find elsewhere, are plentiful here. This area, at the confluence of Huangpu