微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)英文課件ch(編輯修改稿)
2025-06-20 04:26 本頁(yè)面
【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 internalize positive externalities. – 政府通常使用補(bǔ)貼來(lái)將正的外部性內(nèi)部化。 Technology Policy 技術(shù)政策 ? Government intervention in the economy that aims to promote technologyenhancing industries is called technology policy. – 著眼于推動(dòng)技術(shù)進(jìn)步的政府對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的干預(yù)政策成為技術(shù)政策。 ? Patent laws are a form of technology policy that give the individual (or firm) with patent protection a property right over its invention. – 專利法是技術(shù)政策的一種，它對(duì)私人發(fā)明產(chǎn)權(quán)進(jìn)行專利保護(hù)。 ? The patent is then said to internalize the externality. – 據(jù)說(shuō)專利可以內(nèi)部化外部性。 Internalizing Production Externalities 內(nèi)部化生產(chǎn)外部性 ? Taxes are the primary tools used to internalize negative externalities. – 稅收是內(nèi)部化負(fù)的外部性時(shí)的首選工具。 ? Subsidies are the primary tools used to internalize positive externalities. – 補(bǔ)貼是內(nèi)部化正的外部性時(shí)的首選工具。 Quantity of Education 0 Price of Education Q MARKET Demand (private value) Social value Q OPTIMUM (b) Positive Consumption Externality Supply (private cost) Quantity of Alcohol 0 Price of Alcohol Q MARKET Demand (private value) Supply (private cost) Social value Q OPTIMUM (a) Negative Consumption Externality Consumption Externalities 消費(fèi)外部性 Consumption Externalities and Market Inefficiency ? Negative externalities in production or consumption lead markets to produce a larger quantity than is socially desirable. – 生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)中的負(fù)的外部性使得市場(chǎng)生產(chǎn)的數(shù)量比社會(huì)合意的數(shù)量要多。 ? Positive externalities in production or consumption lead markets to produce a larger quantity than is socially desirable. – 生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)中的正的外部性使得市場(chǎng)生產(chǎn)的數(shù)量比社會(huì)合意的數(shù)量要少。 Private Solutions to Externalities 外部性的私人解決方法 ? Government action is not always needed to solve the problem of externalities. – 解決外部性問(wèn)題時(shí)并不總是需要政府。 ? Types of private solutions – Moral codes and social sanctions ?道德準(zhǔn)則和社會(huì)制裁 – Charitable anizations ?慈善組織 – Integrating different types of businesses ?整合不同的業(yè)務(wù) – Contracting between parties ?訂立合同 The Coase Theorem 科斯定理 ? The Coase Theorem states that if private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources, then the private market will always solve the problem of externalities on its own and allocate resources efficiently. – 科斯定理表明，如果私人能夠就資源分配進(jìn)行沒(méi)有成本的談判，則私人市場(chǎng)自身就能解決外部性問(wèn)題，并且有效地配置資源。 The Coase Theorem ? The Coas
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