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外文翻譯--現(xiàn)代職業(yè)經(jīng)理人的素質(zhì)與能力(編輯修改稿)

2025-06-26 06:17 本頁面
 

【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 Keeping Promise as Kernel 9+ Moral quality is a primary target of assessing professional manager and it is the foundation for professional manager to survive in the market too. This kind of moral quality includes: The first is the loyalty to the shareholders and enterprise, taking it as one’s management aim to protect enterprise’s benefits, to preserve enterprise’s assets value and to maximize shareholders’ investment value. The second is to dedicate to occupation, namely to fulfill the duty with all endeavors. The third is to keep business secrets of enterprises firmly, including the enterprises that one has ever served and been serving. Professional Quality and Complex Knowledge Structure with Excellent Management Ability as Kernel The professional quality of professional manager includes management ability and techniques of one industry that professional manager engages in. That is to say professional manager should has a longterm strategic development idea, concrete and feasible management method and means. Professional manager should seize the opportunities from the change of domestic and international markets and adjust the strategy and decision in good time. At the same time, it is also important for professional manager to have team spirit, be good at molding corporate culture and pay attention to human resources development and the staffs’ training and continuing education. As a result, the enterprise bees a studying organization with innovation ability. Professional manager also must have plex knowledge structure . The characteristics of the plex knowledge structure are intensive professional knowledge and broad fields of knowledge. Namely, professional manager should have knowledge structure of T shape. The horizontal of T means the broad fields of knowledge. The professional manager’s knowledge can’t be confined to management field. He should master the knowledge of relevant subjects , such as general knowledge of philosophy, natural science and social science, etc. The vertical of T stands for the intensive professional knowledge. Integration Quality with Decisionmaking Ability as Kernel The professional manager’s quality is prehensive and his ability is the external manifestation of quality . The first is the ability of making decision. Management is to make decision. Only professional manager possesses outstanding decisionmaking ability, could he lead enterprises to success. The second is the ability of coordinating. Professional manager must be good at municating with people, including municating with superior administrators, colleagues,customers and the relation outside of enterprise . The third is the ability of innovation. It includes technology innovation, organization innovation and system innovation. The fourth is the ability to undertake risk. There are various kinds of uncertainties when professional manager makes decision . Uncertainties mean risks. At the same time, because failure in operating enterprise will make reputation of professional manager damaged and make his human capital devalued, professional manager must face the risk of the human capital depreciated. Other Quality Besides the three kinds of abovementioned qualities, professional manager should possess experienced quality, legal quality, better psychological quality and physique. The quality and ability of professional manager have decided professional manager’s human capital value and his occupation life. To a great extent, the professional manager’s quality and ability have determined the operating level of enterprise and influenced enterprise’s survival and development. 家族企業(yè)的成長與職業(yè)經(jīng)理人 張維迎 華人企業(yè)基本上都是家族企業(yè)。改革開放以后中國大陸新成立的企業(yè),尤其是民營企業(yè)、私營企業(yè),基本都是家族化管理,也就是以血緣關(guān)系和朋友關(guān)系為紐帶的控制。家族化管理常常受到學(xué)者和媒體的批評。企業(yè)要發(fā)展壯大,要在市場上有競爭力,不走出家族化管理的體制,不利用市場上的人力資源、管理資源,不行。但是,中國企業(yè)家面臨的一個困惑是,當(dāng)他們試探著 邁出這一步,引入現(xiàn)代化的“所有權(quán)與經(jīng)營權(quán)分離”的管理體制時,又缺乏可以信賴的職業(yè)經(jīng)理人,大量的資產(chǎn)被偷竊,痛定思痛,最后發(fā)現(xiàn)“任人唯賢”還是不如“任人唯親”,雇來的經(jīng)理還是不如“自家人”值得信任,于是又要回到家族管理。 這是家族企業(yè)成長中的一個重要問題,甚至可以說是關(guān)鍵問題。這里我并不想多談?wù)摗捌髽I(yè)家”與“職業(yè)經(jīng)理人”在概念上的區(qū)別,但必須指出,有些人其實是職業(yè)經(jīng)理人,但也稱自己為企業(yè)家。企業(yè)家應(yīng)該是個創(chuàng)業(yè)者,應(yīng)該是個開拓者、創(chuàng)新者,是承擔(dān)企業(yè)經(jīng)營風(fēng)險的人。 企業(yè)家總是想把自己的企業(yè)做大,把自己的市場做大。 但要把企業(yè)做大,靠你一個人又不行,所以一定要雇傭更多的經(jīng)理,雇傭更多的員工來幫助你把企業(yè)管理好。從這個意義上講,一個企業(yè)發(fā)展壯大,也就是企業(yè)的委托-代理關(guān)系不斷的延伸,不斷的擴展。但如何控制代理人的行為就成為一個關(guān)鍵問題。 顧名思義,“代理”建設(shè)讓別人替你干事。但要想使你的員工、高級經(jīng)理能夠按照你的意旨實現(xiàn)你的理想,你就一定要給他們授權(quán),要使他們有機會接觸企業(yè)的核心資源、客戶、技術(shù),要把他們放在一個非常關(guān)鍵的崗位上。但是當(dāng)這些員工、這些經(jīng)理獲得了企業(yè)的核心資源,或者知道得到這些核心資源的渠道后,他們可能會想 :我為什么要為你干?為什么不利用這些技術(shù)自己干,自己創(chuàng)業(yè),與你競爭?這可能是我們好多的民營企業(yè)面臨的非常殘酷的現(xiàn)實。 一個企業(yè)搞大之后,就可能會發(fā)現(xiàn)好多“叛將”出來了?!芭褜ⅰ蓖ǔR膊皇且粋€人,他下面還有好多人,“叛將”走的時候可能會帶走好多“叛軍”。我們知道孫子對父親比對爺爺更親,一個副總、部門經(jīng)理離開企業(yè)的時候,老總可能很難留住副總、部門經(jīng)理下面的人。這個問題不僅僅是中國存在的問題,在西方也存在。美國硅谷就存在好多這樣的例子,比如說著名的英特爾( Intel)公司,它的兩個創(chuàng)始人 Noyce 和 Moore,一 個是以前 Fairchild(仙童)的總經(jīng)理,一個是研發(fā)部主任。在他們離開之前, Fairchild 的一個技術(shù)人員發(fā)明了一個新的芯片,這個芯片后來就成為 Intel 的核心技術(shù)。我們知道現(xiàn)在 Intel 已經(jīng)壟斷了芯片市場, Fairchild 已經(jīng)變得沒有人知道了。據(jù) Inc 的統(tǒng)計,全球 500 家增長最快的企業(yè)中, 71%的核心技術(shù)都來自于他原來企業(yè)的雇員,所以西方企業(yè)中有一個忠告:從來不要讓你的員工干你對你過去的雇主干過的事情。 中國企業(yè)的問題又有非常特殊的一面。在西方有相對完善的法律制度來保護企業(yè)家的產(chǎn)權(quán),而中國的法律非常 的弱。在前段時間,我聽到硅谷有 6 個中國人被判刑,就是因為盜竊了企業(yè)的技術(shù),然后拿去創(chuàng)辦自己的企業(yè)。在這樣一個環(huán)境下,中國企業(yè)家面臨的一個任務(wù)是怎么能夠保證你雇來的人,幫你創(chuàng)業(yè)的人,真正是為你的企業(yè)服務(wù),而不是利用你的企業(yè)來獲得技術(shù)、資源,然后離開你,與你競爭。最重要的一點,就是對產(chǎn)權(quán)的法律保護。一個人要離開你,他要承擔(dān)他的成本,包括盜竊你的技術(shù)引起的法律成本。產(chǎn)權(quán)保護越好,他離開你的成本就越大,剽竊你的技術(shù)的可能性就越小,企業(yè)的規(guī)模才能做得越大。如果法律制度對企業(yè)的產(chǎn)權(quán)沒有給予很好的保護,企業(yè)就不可能做大。 世界上有好多這樣的例子,好比在意大利,那里的黑社會很多,產(chǎn)權(quán)的有效保護非常的弱,所以意大利流行小企業(yè)。 產(chǎn)權(quán)的保護的有效性也與企業(yè)的資產(chǎn)本身的特點有關(guān)系。要保護一個鋼鐵企業(yè),那是很容易的。因為如果要防止一個人從鋼鐵企業(yè)那里偷走鋼材、機器,我們只要雇傭兩個彪形大漢守在門口就可以了。但如果我們經(jīng)營的是一個知識型企業(yè),企業(yè)最核心的技術(shù)都要通過工程師、管理人員的腦子來保存,然后再傳輸、再生產(chǎn),那么這時候門口的兩個彪形大漢對于保護產(chǎn)權(quán)就沒有多大的作用。所以越是知識型的企業(yè),產(chǎn)權(quán)保護就越困難。 對企業(yè)家來講,最重要的資 源是什么?就是一個想法,就是知識。我們知道好多成功的企業(yè)家都是因為有一個好的想法,然后再去組織資源、人力,把這個想法變成產(chǎn)品,在市場上出售,就能夠賺錢了。但如果這個想法本身不能得到有效的保護,企業(yè)家就很難成功。事實上,企業(yè)家之所以要成為企業(yè)的所有人,一個重要的原因就是因為我們沒有辦法使他那個主意在市場上得到一個合理的定價。好比你現(xiàn)在有一個很好的主意,這個主意能賺錢。然后你拿這主意到市場上賣,買的人就要聽你解釋這個主意。如果他沒有聽明白,當(dāng)然不會付錢;而當(dāng)他聽明白了,覺得是個好主意后,自然也就沒有必要付你錢了 。所以你這個主意沒法直接變現(xiàn),只能雇人進行生產(chǎn)。在企業(yè)收入扣除支出的成本,剩下的就是你的收入,這就是你的主意的價格。所以保護企業(yè)家的剩余索取權(quán)
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