【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 nizations that implement this practice may exhibit some of the following characteristics: ? Risktaking and experimentation are encouraged. ? The anization tolerates uncertainty and ambiguity. ? Failure is not punished。 instead, it is viewed as an opportunity for learning. ? The anization fosters an entrepreneurial spirit, and employees are given the time, resources, and support to pursue new ideas. ? The process of relearning and unlearning is considered critical to generating products and services that meet current and future market needs. ? Both internal and external petition serve as a catalyst for new ideas. ? Successful innovations are celebrated enthusiastically. ? Creativityboosting techniques, brainstorming sessions, agendaless meetings, and scenario planning help surface unexpected solutions. C5. Employees take responsibility for their own learning. Organizations that implement this practice may exhibit some of the following characteristics: ? Management provides employees with the time and resources necessary to achieve learning goals. ? Training is available on demand, when and where employees need it. ? Employees actively solicit information and ideas from outside their departments and often from outside the anization. ? Employees are encouraged to own the analysis of information and determine subsequent action steps. ? Management advocates the use of mentors and advisors to help employees tailor their own performancefocused learning initiatives. ? Employees decide what they want and need to know, and how and when they want to learn it. Technology T1. Technology links all members of the enterprise to one another and to all relevant external publics. Organizations that implement this practice may exhibit some of the following characteristics: ? Technology is seen as a means of enhancing collaborative efforts among members of the enterprise. ? Technology is used to minimize barriers ot geography and time. ? Technology is available to all employees and all are trained in how to use it. ? Senior management sets an example by personally using new technology. ? The munications system links the anization, both upstream and downstream, to suppliers and customers. ? Systems are increasingly linked to external knowledge bases, such as those of academic institutions, emerging mercial works, and the Inter.. T2. Technology creates an institutional memory that is accessible to the entire enterprise. Organizations that implement this practice may exhibit some of the following characteristics: ? A formal knowledge capture system exists that enables individuals to learn from the experiences of others and to analyze what they have learned themselves. ? Use of the knowledge repository is well integrated into systems and processes, allowing individuals to spend less time reinventing the wheel and more time on innovative problem solving. ? Software is designed to recognize and retain important information and share it across the enterprise. ? All employees contribute to the content of the knowledge capture system. ? Information capture crosses functional lines, giving employees a window into the rest of the anization39。s activities. T3. Technology brings the anization closer to its customers. Organizations that implement this practice may exhibit some of the following characteristics: ? Communications technology permits the anization to talk directly to customers 9, and troubleshoot as problems arise. ? Customer information is shared across the anization, ensuring that customers39。 perspectives are incorporated into all products and services. ? Information such as sales data, customer profiles, customer ideas, and customer satisfaction is rapidly fed into knowledge capture systems, thus allowing quick adaptation of products and services to changing market needs. ? Technology allows customers to participate in product development and sample products before they purchase them. T4. The anization fosters development of 39。humancentered information technology. Organizations that implement this practice may exhibit some of the following characteristics: ? Information technology is developed with a clear vision of the business problems it is meant to solve. ? Technology is desig