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學(xué)會(huì)提問讀書心得(編輯修改稿)

2025-04-05 06:22 本頁面
 

【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 喜歡的解釋。 許多因素的組合導(dǎo)致了事件的發(fā)生。 因果關(guān)系的四種可能性:1)X是引起Y的原因。2)Y是引起X的原因。3)由于第三個(gè)因素Z,X與Y相互聯(lián)系。4)X與Y相互影響。 我們的傾向是簡(jiǎn)化世界,但是世界往往需要復(fù)雜的解釋。 評(píng)估干擾性原因:1)邏輯合理性。2)與其他知識(shí)的一致性。3)是否曾經(jīng)成功地解釋或預(yù)測(cè)了某些事件。 定義一個(gè)平均數(shù)有三種不同的方法:1)算術(shù)平均數(shù)。2)中位數(shù)。3)眾數(shù)。 警惕結(jié)論與證據(jù)不相符合、借助遺漏的信息撒謊。 你遇到的信息幾乎都帶有某種目的。這些信息是被作者有選擇地組織在一起的,組織這些信息的人希望在某種程度上影響你的思維。因此,你的任務(wù)就是要決定,你是否愿意成為實(shí)現(xiàn)這個(gè)目的的工具。 不完整的推理是必然存在的:1)時(shí)間和空間所造成的局限性。2)多數(shù)人的注意范圍是非常有限的。冗長的信息會(huì)使我們覺得厭煩。3)提出論證的人所具備的知識(shí)往往是不完整的。4)純粹為了欺騙。5)每個(gè)人視角不同。 警惕二元思維(對(duì)與錯(cuò)、非黑即白)。 產(chǎn)生多個(gè)解決方法會(huì)極大提高我們思維的靈活性。 通過鑒別幾個(gè)合理的結(jié)論,你可以確定是否有一個(gè)你認(rèn)可的結(jié)論。如果可能的話,嘗試自己替換作者給出的結(jié)論。這是決定你接受還是反對(duì)作者結(jié)論的最后一步。 +++++++++++++++++++ 卡內(nèi)基的How To Win Friends And Influence People里面有一句話,要贏得辯論的唯一方式,是避免它。The only way to get the best of an argument is to avoid it ) 當(dāng)大家憋著一肚子氣準(zhǔn)備開罵,你突然說,我不和你玩了。 Asking the right question是一本系統(tǒng)講述批判性思維的入門級(jí)書籍,但是我們當(dāng)中有些人,運(yùn)用自己的批判性思維是用于挑錯(cuò),吹毛求疵,自鳴得意,展示自己邏輯清晰,或者只是單單地證明,我比你聰明。 這種白癡行為對(duì)于我們?nèi)穗H關(guān)系的處理危害極大。但這是天性。(每個(gè)人都覺得自己比別人要聰明一點(diǎn))所以我推薦這書要和卡內(nèi)基的書結(jié)合來看。( ) Asking The Right Question一書真正有價(jià)值的地方就在于,它不單單教會(huì)了一套系統(tǒng)的邏輯思維論證方法,還告訴我們,我們?nèi)绾瓮ㄟ^問對(duì)的問題去避免我們社交上的尷尬,同時(shí)能令對(duì)方和自己得益,而不是好心辦壞事。 問問題,證明你對(duì)他人感興趣,and show your respect。運(yùn)用你的批判性思維最白癡的一種途徑就是,你個(gè)白癡,你又錯(cuò)了 二 但是批判性思維很難,極難掌握,是一門系統(tǒng)性工作。(Crticial thinking is hard, a systematic work) 本書提供了一個(gè)批判性思維的完整結(jié)構(gòu): 什么是論題?什么是結(jié)論? 理由是什么? 哪些詞語有歧義? 什么是價(jià)值觀沖突?什么是價(jià)值觀假設(shè)? 什么是描述性假設(shè)? 推理中存在謬誤嗎? 這些證據(jù)的可信度有多大? 你發(fā)現(xiàn)干擾性原因了嗎? 統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)是否具有欺騙性? 哪些重要信息被遺漏了? 1 什么結(jié)論可能是合理的? 每一項(xiàng)后面都有一些練習(xí)題供你練習(xí),找出當(dāng)中的錯(cuò)誤。 三 作者說,批判性思維可以運(yùn)用在兩個(gè)地方,(1)Defend or (2)evaluate and revise your initial beliefs. 我們當(dāng)中大部分人都是用在第一項(xiàng),自我防衛(wèi),而更少用在后者。究其原因,還是由于天性。我們都傾向于自己由于personal experience, background,intuition, personal observation而認(rèn)為自己是對(duì)的。能夠思想足夠開放,對(duì)了解和自己根深蒂固的觀念相左的意見或者見解,是非常難得的,這也是最高級(jí)的批判性思維者最重要的特征。 對(duì)于自己來說,說實(shí)話,很難做到。特別是那些自己犯過錯(cuò)而總結(jié)出來的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和看法,幾乎覺得就是真理。在下次跌跟頭之前,我都會(huì)覺得是自己對(duì)的。 作者同樣理解這種行為,因?yàn)槿绻麤]有自己的看法和價(jià)值觀,你根本沒法行動(dòng)。保持對(duì)各種意見開放,是極難的,有時(shí)候會(huì)導(dǎo)致你左右搖擺,猶豫不決。所以,對(duì)于自己的理念要保持信心,根據(jù)你的想法去行動(dòng),最有效的學(xué)習(xí)方法始終都是犯錯(cuò)學(xué)習(xí)的模式,但是在同時(shí),內(nèi)心深處要有一種聲音:Might I be wrong? 最后,結(jié)尾的時(shí)候作者是這么說的,也是批判性思維的最有價(jià)值之處: Criticial thinking is not a sterile hobby, reserved only for taking exams or showing off your mental cleverness. It provides a basis for a partnership for action among the are wonderful, but their payoff is in our subsequent behavior. After you have found the best answer to a question,act on that answer, Make your criticial thinking the basis for the creation of an identitiy of which you can be pround. We look forward to benefiting from what you have learned. 批判性思維不是為了考試,或者顯擺自己有多聰明。 它使我們?cè)诨谶壿嫷那闆r去行動(dòng)。 當(dāng)你通過批判性思維,找到最好的答案的時(shí)候,最重要的,你要去行動(dòng)。 create something that we can be proud of :) By Hammer ,我們表示了自己的好奇和尊敬 Questions require the person being asked the question to act in response. By our question, we are saying to the person: I am curious。I want to know more。help me. This request shows respect for the other person. 2人類的行為很復(fù)雜,答案其實(shí)大多是概率問題。正因如此,我們要保持開放。因?yàn)閱栴}的答案不是那么確定。 .Because human behavior is so controversial and plex, the best answers that we can find for many questions about our behavior will be probabilistic in once we acknowledge that our mitments are based on probability and not certainty, we will be much more open to the reasoning of those who are trying to persuade us to change our minds. 3. 時(shí)間有限,別問那些無聊問題,別為瑣碎的事浪費(fèi)你的腦力。 Your time is valuable. Before taking the time to crittically evaluate an issue, ask the question, Who care? :自我防衛(wèi),要么修改自己原來的理念 Critical thinking can be used to either defend or evaluate and revise your initial beliefs. 5. Critical thinker的特征: 1. Autonomy for good reasoning wherever you find it. ,保持一種對(duì)自己的少少質(zhì)疑 By all means, act with confidence based on your beliefs, but hold your conclusions with only that degree of firmness that permits you to still wonder to yourself, Might I be wrong? cannot determind the worth of a conclusion until you identify the reasons. We often misunderstand what we read or hear because we presume that the meaning of words is obvious. The more abstact a word or phrase , the more likely it is to be susceptible to multiple interpretations. ,這個(gè)很關(guān)鍵。要發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)人的價(jià)值取向,你才能客觀去判斷。我們通常會(huì)對(duì)那些和我們價(jià)值取向相同的觀點(diǎn)有共鳴感,and vice versa. A persons preference for particular values is often unstatedm but htat value preference ,nevertheless, will have a major impact on her conclusion and on how she chooses to defend minds tend to like to put things in neat partments, you have to work hard to tolerate the plexity of a person。s value preferences. ,雖然并不絕對(duì)。但是一個(gè)人的背景相當(dāng)程度上會(huì)影響他的看法和觀點(diǎn)。 We suggested that a good starting point in finding assumptions is to check the background of the author. Investigating their background as a clue to her value assumption is only a clue , and like other clues, it can be misleading unless it is used with care. 10. 例子和一些個(gè)人經(jīng)驗(yàn)僅僅證明了那樣的結(jié)果是possible,而不能證明它們是typical or probable,所以保持警惕。 A single striking experience or several such experiences can demonstrate that certain outes are possible ,however,cannot demonstrat that such outes are typical or probable. 11. 好的科研結(jié)果,始終是最好的證據(jù)來源之一。(判斷好不好,用了一整章節(jié)去說明),因?yàn)樗腥迅簐erifiablity,control and precison. Scientific research , when conducted well, is one of our best sources of evidence because it emphasizes verifiablity,control and precison. 最后的,這段很關(guān)鍵,全抄下來了: Most of us prefer simplicity to plexity. Decison and situations with simle answers permit us to move on rapidly and confidently to the next topic of life event. We don。t have to wrestle so hard and invest so much mental energy in simple situations. While it is unrealistic to consider all possible hypotheses,pel yourself to resist the bias for simplification. Work on yourself to look further before making important judgments . You cann
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