【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 tes.C.He received little love from his family.D.He was envied by others in his childhood.（2）Vaillant39。s words in Paragraph 2 serve as ________. A.a description of personal values and social valuesB.an analysis of how work was related to petenceC.an example for parents39。 expectations of their childrenD.an explanation why some boys grew into happy men（3）Vaillant39。s team obtained their findings by ________. A.recording the boys39。 effort in schoolB.evaluating the men39。s mental healthC.paring different sets of scoresD.measuring the men39。s problem solving ability（4）What does the underlined word sharp probably mean in Paragraph 4? A.Quick to react.B.Having a thin edge.C.Clear and definite.D.Sudden and rapid.【答案】 （1）A（2）D（3）C（4）C 【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說明文，研究表明，那些小時(shí)候工作過的人比那些沒有工作過的人生活得更快樂、更有成效。 （1）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第一段中的“He had more job satisfaction, a better marriage and was healthier.”他的工作滿意度更高，婚姻更美滿，身體也更健康?？芍?，約翰享受他的事業(yè)和婚姻，故選A。 （2）考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第二段中的 ’Boys who worked in the home or munity gained petence (能力) and came to feel they were worthwhile members of society，‘said George Vaillant, the psychologist (心理學(xué)家) who made the discovery.’And because they felt good about themselves, others felt good about them.‘發(fā)現(xiàn)這一現(xiàn)象的心理學(xué)家Vaillant說:在家庭或社區(qū)工作的男孩獲得了能力，并開始覺得自己是社會(huì)中有價(jià)值的成員。因?yàn)樗麄儗ψ约焊杏X良好，別人也對他們感覺良好?？赏浦?，Vaillant在第二段的話解釋了為什么一些男孩成長為快樂的人，故選D。 （3）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第三段中的“Under Vaillant, the researchers pared the men39。s menta l173。health scores with their boyhood 173。activity scores.”可知Vaillant的研究小組通過比較不同的分?jǐn)?shù)得到了他們的發(fā)現(xiàn)，故選C。 （4）考查詞義猜測。根據(jù)第四段中的“Those who had done the most boyhood activities were twice as likely to have warm relations with a wide variety of people，five times as likely to be well paid and 16 times less likely to have been unemployed.”那些在童年時(shí)期參加過最多活動(dòng)的人，與各種各樣的人保持親密關(guān)系的可能性是其他人的兩倍，獲得高薪的可能性是其他人的五倍，失業(yè)的不可能性是其他人的16倍?？芍琓he link between what the men had done as boys and how they turned out as adults was surprisingly sharp. 的意思是男性在孩童時(shí)期的行為和成年后的表現(xiàn)之間的聯(lián)系是驚人的明確。sharp的意思明確，故選C。 【點(diǎn)評】本題考點(diǎn)涉及細(xì)節(jié)理解，詞義猜測和推理判斷三個(gè)題型的考查，是一篇科研類閱讀，考生需要準(zhǔn)確掌握細(xì)節(jié)信息，同時(shí)根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，進(jìn)行分析，推理，從而選出正確答案。5．閱讀理解 (The New York Times, ) The 2019 Nobel Prize in physiology(生理學(xué)) or medicine was jointly awarded to three scientists — William G. Kaelin Jr., Peter J. Ratcliffe and Gregg L. Semenza — for their work on how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability. The Nobel Assembly announced the prize at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm on Monday. Their work established the genetic mechanisms(機(jī)制) that allow cells to respond to changes in oxygen levels. The findings have implications(啟示) for treating a variety of diseases. Why did they win? Oxygen is the lifeblood of living organisms(生物體), said Dr. George Daley, dean of Harvard Medical School. Without oxygen, cells can39。t survive. But too much or too little oxygen can be deadly. The three researchers tried to answer this question: How do cells regulate their responses? The investigators uncovered detailed genetic responses to changing oxygen levels that allow cells in the bodies of humans and other animals to sense and respond to fluctuations(波動(dòng)), increasing and decreasing how much oxygen they receive. Why is the work important? The discoveries reveal the cellular mechanisms that control such things as adaptation to high altitudes and how cancer cells manage to hijack(攫取) oxygen. Randall Johnson, a member of the Nobel Assembly, described the work as a textbook discovery and said it would be something students would start learning at the most basic levels of biology education. This is a basic aspect of how a cell works, and I think from that standpoint alone it39。s a very exciting thing. Johnson said. The research also has implications for treating various diseases in which oxygen is in short supply — including anemia, heart attacks and strokes — as well as for treatment of cancers that are fed by and seek out oxygen.（1）This research has won the Nobel Prize mainly because ____________. A.there was no research of this kind in the pastB.oxygen is the lifeblood of living thingsC.it has uncovered how cells sense and respond to changes in oxygen levelsD.various diseases will be cured with the help of the findings of the research（2）We can learn from the passage that _____________. A.The Nobel Prize was awarded to a physiologist on Monday in Sweden.B.Cancer cells manage to hijack oxygen and need oxygen to develop.C.The more oxygen there is in blood, the healthier a living body will be.D.The genetic mechanisms have been found that allow oxygen to adapt to cells.（3）Which of the following can best explain the underlined word in the text? A.used for textbooksB.powerful and authoritativeC.typical as a perfect exampleD.basic and clear（4）In which part of The New York Times can you find this article? A.EntertainmentB.CultureC.TechnologyD.Science【答案】 （1）C（2）B（3）C（4）D 【解析】【分析】本文是一篇新聞報(bào)道，介紹了2019年諾貝爾生理學(xué)或醫(yī)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)聯(lián)合授予了三位科學(xué)家，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)了細(xì)胞如何感知并適應(yīng)氧氣變化的含量。這是一項(xiàng)具有開創(chuàng)性的發(fā)現(xiàn)，為抗擊貧血、癌癥和許多其他疾病的新策略鋪平了道路。 （1）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第一段中的“…for their work on how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability.”以表彰他們在細(xì)胞感知和適應(yīng)氧氣供應(yīng)的適應(yīng)性方面所做的工作?？芍@項(xiàng)研究之所以獲得諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)，主要是因?yàn)樗沂玖思?xì)胞如何感知和響應(yīng)氧氣水平的變化。故選C。 （2）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)Why is the work important?部分中的“The discoveries reveal the cellular mechanisms that control such things as adaptation to high altitudes and how cancer cells manage to hijack(攫取) oxygen.”這些發(fā)現(xiàn)揭示了細(xì)胞機(jī)制，這些機(jī)制控制著對高海拔環(huán)境的適應(yīng)，以及癌細(xì)胞是如何攫取氧氣的?？芍┘?xì)胞設(shè)法攫取氧氣并需要氧氣來發(fā)育。故選B。 （3）考查詞義猜測。根據(jù) Why is the work important?部分中的“it