【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 kground references (encyclopedias, textbooks, lab manuals, style manuals, etc.) to get yourself acquianted with the subject area, do not cite these, becasue they contain information that is considered fundamental or \”mon\” knowledge wqithin the discipline. Cite, instead, articles that reported specific results relevant to your study. Learn, as soon as possible, how to find the primary literature (research journals) and review articles rather than depending on reference books. The articles listed in the Literature Cited of relevant papers you find are a good starting point to move backwards in a line of inquiry. Most academic libraries support the Citation Index an index which is useful for tracking a line of inquiry forward in time. Some of the newer search engines will actually send you alerts of new papers that cite particular articles of interest to you. Review articles are particularly useful because they summarize all the research done on a narrow subject area over a brief period of time (a year to a few years in most cases). Top of pageBe sure to clearly state the purpose and /or hypothesis that you investigated. When you are first learning to write in this format it is okay, and actually preferable, to use a pat statement like, \”The purpose of this study was to....\” or \”We investigated three possible mechanisms to explain the ... (1) blah, blah..(2) etc. It is most usual to place the statement of purpose near the end of the Introduction, often as the topic sentence of the final paragraph. It is not necessary (or even desirable) to use the words \”hypothesis\” or \”null hypothesis\”, since these are usually implicit if you clearly state your purpose and expectations. Top of pageProvide a clear statement of the rationale for your approach to the problem studied. For example: State briefly how you approached the problem (., you studied oxidative respiration pathways in isolated mitochondria of cauliflower). This will usually follow your statement of purpose in the last paragraph of the Introduction. Why did you choose this kind of experiment or experimental design? What are the scientific merits of this particular model system? What advantages does it confer in answering the particular question you are posing? Do not discuss here the actual techniques or protocols used in your study (this will be done in the Materials and Methods)。 your readers will be quite familiar with the usual techniques and approaches used in your field. If you are using a novel (new, revolutionary, never used before) technique or methodology, the merits of the new technique/method versus the previously used methods should be presented in the Introduction. Top of PageMATERIALS AND METHODSThis section is variously called Methods or Methods and . Function: In this section you explain clearly how you carried out your study in the following general structure and organization (details follow below):the subjects used (plant, animal, human, etc.) and their preexperiment handling and care, and when and where the study was carried out (if location and time are important factors)。 if a field study, a description of the study site, including the physical and biological features, and precise location。 the experimental OR sampling design (., how the experiment or study was structured. For example, controls, treatments, the variable measured, how many samples were collected, replication, etc.)。 the protocol for collecting data, ., how the experimental procedures were carried out, and, how the data were analyzed (statistical procedures used). Organize your presentation so your reader will understand the logical flow of the experiment 。 subheadings work well for this purpose. Each experiment or procedure should be presented as a unit, even if it was broken up over time. In general, provide enough quantitative detail (how much, how long, when, etc.) about your experimental protocol such that other scientists could reproduce your experiments. You should also indicate the statistical procedures used to analyze your results, including the probability level at which you determined significance (usually at probability).2. Style: The style in this section should read as if you were verbally describing the conduct of the experiment. You may use the active voice to a certain extent, although this section requires more use of third person, passive constructions than others. Avoid use of the first person in this section. Remember to use the past tense throughout. The Methods section is not a stepbystep, directive, protocol as you might see in your lab . Strategy for writing the Methods . Methods of PageDescribe the organism used in the study. This includes giving the source (supplier or where and how collected), size, how they were handled before the experiment, what they were fed, etc. In genetics studies include the strains or genetic stocks the site where your field study was conducted. The description must include both physical and biological characteristics of the site pertinant to the study aims. Include the date of the study (., 1015 April 1994) and the exact location of the study area. Location data must be as precise as possible: \”Grover Nature Preserve, ? mi SW Grover, Maine\” rather than \”Grover Nature Preserve\” or \”Grover\”. When possible, give the actual latitude and longitude position of the site (the WWW has sites which provide this service). It is most often a good idea to include a map (labeled as a Figure) showing the location in relation to some larger more recognizable geographic area. Someone else should be able to go to the exact location of your study if they want to repeat or check your work, or just visit your study : For laboratory studies you should not report the date and location of the study UNLES