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開題報告共5則(完整版)

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【正文】 原則及其準(zhǔn)則的引介始于20世紀(jì)80年代。盡管合作原則研究取得了一定成績,但在研究過程中所發(fā)現(xiàn)的若干問題不容忽視,包括:1)忽視合作原則的哲學(xué)背景。關(guān)于禮貌原則在中國的研究成果,主要有兩個學(xué)者的代表理論觀點(diǎn):(一)徐盛桓的新禮貌原則構(gòu)想。英語新聞訪談中主持人與來自不同文化背景的人暢所欲言,帶來不同文 化的觀點(diǎn),開拓了中國電視觀眾的眼界。對比分析三組政治采訪中,不同的政治角色在接受采訪時對合作原則和禮貌原則的遵守和違背,及其原因,以及如何利用對這些原則的遵守和違背來避免雙方的不愉快、進(jìn)行間接表達(dá)及間接推動國家之間的友好相處,進(jìn)而分析國家重要領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人在接受政治的采訪中體現(xiàn)的高超的外交策略。has content and contacts。s negative face is the need to be independent, to have freedom of action and not to be imposed on by person39。s The present study demonstrates that the political interview exhibits the conversational implicatures observed in naturallyoccurring the analysis of this political interview, it is easy to notice the high frequency of the occurrences of the violation of violations are deliberately used as the pragmatic strategies to regulate the of the conversational implicatures are caused by flouting the maxims of cases of flouting the maxim of quality and the maxim of relation seldom appear in the political reason lies in that the interviews of politicians are almost formal and the interviewees normally will not say what they believe to be false or the politician choose to flout the maxim of quality and the maxim of relation, he or she will be considered to be not serious or leave the impression on the public that he does not respect the predicament for , the interviewer often put the politician in a some of the questions are very difficult to answer , the politician chooses to evade those questions or answer them selectively or treat them from the indirect sources.第三篇:開題報告某高校土木工程專業(yè)本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)開題報告題目: 某框架結(jié)構(gòu)高校辦公樓設(shè)計課 題 類 型: 設(shè)計√ 實(shí)驗(yàn)研究□ 論文□ 學(xué) 生 姓 名: 學(xué) 號: 專 業(yè) 班 級: 學(xué) 院: 指 導(dǎo) 教 師: 開 題 時 間:一、畢業(yè)設(shè)計內(nèi)容及研究意義內(nèi)容基本概況經(jīng)上級主管部門批準(zhǔn),擬按一般標(biāo)準(zhǔn)建造一棟六層某框架結(jié)構(gòu)高校辦公樓?;A(chǔ)埋深范圍內(nèi)無地下水。在完成本次畢業(yè)設(shè)計過程中,我們需要運(yùn)用感性和理性知識去把握整個建筑的處理,這其中就包括建筑外觀和結(jié)構(gòu)兩個方面。我們在校只是學(xué)習(xí)了土木工程這一個小的分支并且著重學(xué)習(xí)了工民建部分??蚣芙Y(jié)構(gòu)住宅是指以鋼筋混凝土澆搗成承重梁柱,再用預(yù)制的加氣混凝土、膨脹珍珠巖、浮石、蛭石、陶爛等輕質(zhì)板材隔墻分戶裝配成而的住宅。,在設(shè)計之前作為設(shè)計者必須深入實(shí)際,調(diào)查研究,了解其所屬位置地理、經(jīng)濟(jì)條件。結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計部分包括計算確定荷載,同時進(jìn)行荷載分析、內(nèi)力計算,進(jìn)行最終結(jié)構(gòu)圖的繪制,結(jié)構(gòu)計算采用部分手算部分電算。經(jīng)過一段時間的籌備工作,今天正式開題了。我國自90年代初期起,開始探討合作學(xué)習(xí)。培養(yǎng)學(xué)生在獨(dú)立思考、自主學(xué)習(xí)的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行合作、探究的學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣,以啟發(fā)、激趣的教學(xué)方式來營造一個開放、平等、融洽的合作學(xué)習(xí)氛圍,構(gòu)建適合于本地區(qū)、本學(xué)校特色的新型的合作學(xué)習(xí)教學(xué)模式。⒊主體教育理論:主體教育關(guān)注教育的本質(zhì)價值。多元智能理論告訴我們每個學(xué)生都有可資發(fā)展的潛力,只是表現(xiàn)的領(lǐng)域不同而已。通過合作研究合作。四、研究內(nèi)容:(1)適宜合作學(xué)習(xí)的教學(xué)內(nèi)容的研究。如如何自我評價、教師如何評價才能提高合作學(xué)習(xí)的有效性等。二、研究分三個階段進(jìn)行。(2)根據(jù)學(xué)科特點(diǎn)及教學(xué)內(nèi)容上的差異,在具體教學(xué)過程中采用不同的小組合作學(xué)習(xí)策略。建立制度,加強(qiáng)研討。項目背景:氨是基本化工產(chǎn)品之一,用途很廣。目前我國合成氨氮肥廠有大中小型氮肥裝置近千個, 大型氮肥裝置重復(fù)引進(jìn)32 套, 國產(chǎn)化裝置超過20套, 中型裝置近百套, 小型裝置約600 套, 合成氨生產(chǎn)能力達(dá)到4500萬t /a。國內(nèi)外合成氨工藝現(xiàn)狀及未來發(fā)展:由于石油價格的飛漲和深加工技術(shù)的進(jìn)步,以“天然氣、輕油、重油、煤”作為合成氨原料結(jié)構(gòu)、并以天然氣為主體的格局有了很大的變化。第一,以“油改氣”和“油改煤”為核心的原料結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整和以“多聯(lián)產(chǎn)和再加工”為核心的產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整, 是合成氨裝置“改善經(jīng)濟(jì)性、增強(qiáng)競爭力”的有效途徑。生產(chǎn)過程中不生成或很少生成副產(chǎn)物、廢物, 實(shí)現(xiàn)或接近“零排放”的清潔生產(chǎn)技術(shù)將日趨成熟和不斷完善。其結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整包括原料結(jié)構(gòu)、品質(zhì)構(gòu)調(diào)整。只有通過科技進(jìn)步對經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的貢獻(xiàn)率來實(shí)現(xiàn), 這也是今后發(fā)展合成氨氮肥工業(yè)新的增長點(diǎn)。各種氮肥生產(chǎn)是以合成氨為主要原料的,因此,合成氨工業(yè)的發(fā)展標(biāo)志著氮肥工業(yè)的水平。強(qiáng)化管理,互學(xué)互進(jìn),立足課堂,實(shí)現(xiàn)有效教學(xué),全面提高教育教學(xué)質(zhì)量。同時對學(xué)生的認(rèn)知、情感、自信心,同伴關(guān)系等產(chǎn)生積極的影響,以保證組內(nèi)各成員之間的差異性和互補(bǔ)性,保證在小組合作學(xué)習(xí)中組內(nèi)成員主動參與和互助合作。使實(shí)驗(yàn)具有較高的理論起點(diǎn),防止實(shí)驗(yàn)流于形式和經(jīng)驗(yàn)。學(xué)生只有具備一定的學(xué)習(xí)能力和合作能力,才會有較高的學(xué)習(xí)效率,才會適應(yīng)終身學(xué)習(xí)的需要。(2)合作學(xué)習(xí)中分組策略的研究。任何研究都不可能僅憑研究者的熱情和智慧而獲得成功,激發(fā)所有參與者的主動性和創(chuàng)造性是至關(guān)重要的。三、實(shí)施原則和基本方法:實(shí)施原則:嘗試性原則、目標(biāo)性原則、科學(xué)性原則、創(chuàng)新性原則、發(fā)展性原則。可以說主體教育充分尊重受教育者的主體性和主體地位,其目的在于運(yùn)用科學(xué)和人文知識啟發(fā)和促進(jìn)受教育者主動地、創(chuàng)造性地獲得發(fā)展與提高。它主要包括五個方面的判斷:合作學(xué)習(xí)是以小組活動為主體的一種教學(xué)活動;合作學(xué)習(xí)是一種同伴之間的合作互助活動;合作學(xué)習(xí)是一種目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向活動,是為達(dá)到一定的教學(xué)目標(biāo)而展開的;合作學(xué)習(xí)是以各個小組在達(dá)成目標(biāo)過程中的總體成績?yōu)楠剟钜罁?jù)的;合作學(xué)習(xí)是由教師分配學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)和控制教學(xué)進(jìn)程的。通過這些研究,合作學(xué)習(xí)的價值逐漸被教育系統(tǒng)內(nèi)部人員所認(rèn)可,不少學(xué)生從中受益,教師們在實(shí)踐中也開發(fā)了一些行之有效的實(shí)施策略。一、課題的提出:小組合作學(xué)習(xí)是以學(xué)習(xí)小組為基本組織形式,系統(tǒng)利用教學(xué)動態(tài)因素之間的互動來展開學(xué)習(xí),以小組整體成績?yōu)樵u價標(biāo)準(zhǔn),共同達(dá)成教學(xué)目標(biāo)的一種教學(xué)活動。設(shè)計全過程將充分考慮安全、經(jīng)濟(jì)、適用三要素,建筑設(shè)計注意與周圍環(huán)境的協(xié)調(diào),功能區(qū)組合合理。設(shè)計要滿足室內(nèi)水、電、暖、訊、消防、抗震等配套設(shè)計要求。、均勻,減小抗側(cè)剛度中與水平荷載合力作用線的距離,減小結(jié)構(gòu)重心和剛度中心之間的距離,以減小結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生的扭轉(zhuǎn)。就此次的設(shè)計題目,以及結(jié)合任務(wù)書所給定的各項條件,選擇了框架結(jié)構(gòu)比較合理并且切合實(shí)際。同時積極、獨(dú)立的完成本次畢業(yè)設(shè)計也是為今后的實(shí)際工作做出的必要的準(zhǔn)備。混凝土強(qiáng)度等級為C30,鋼筋采用HPB300級(箍筋、樓板鋼筋)和HRB400級鋼筋(梁、柱縱向受力鋼筋)。設(shè)計使用年限為50年,結(jié)構(gòu)安全等級為二級,環(huán)境類別為一類。s expectations it is described as a face threatening , given the regarding possibility that some action might be interpreted as a threat to another39。to be concise and organized。文獻(xiàn)綜述What happens after an political election, or a presidential speech,when the campaign has been fought, the polls have closed, or the leaders of a country have finished or are making a trip abroad, some international news that have arouse mass dispute inside and outside the state? The major television stations start their interview is all along a media of munication of great stature, and is thus well worth of social and academic the increase of international munication, political interviews have been thrown to people one after speaking, political interviews are of the following characteristics: firstly, two parts, namely the interviewees and interviewers, are , the interviewers are with specific interviewing tasks to be finished in such limited are required to obtain valuable information as to “hot topics” of the this regard, political interviews can not be separated with sensitivities both at home and , politicians will seemingly cooperate since they have agreed to be interviewed, but they may grasp each interview to air their political views to influence the final but the not the last characteristic I wants to mention is the audience of the political interviews that has a potential majority of the are politically, financially, or culturally related to the topics the interviews will cover, and may belong to special interest , any improper answer on the part of the politicians may offend the interest groups they stand the light of this situation, politicians must be thoughtful to give responsible normal situations, politicians would try hard to strike a balance between safeguarding his personal interests and meeting the expectation of the large number of audience, which makes us feel that appropriate use of conversational strategies is often a must in political with the features of CI mentioned above, we can understand why it is an important conversational strategy in political of conversational implicature in political interviews Conversational implicature is something which is implied in conversation, that is something which is left implicit in actual language of the researches of conversational implicature are related
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