【正文】 名詞，副詞和形容詞的作用在句中做主、賓、定、表和狀語分詞現(xiàn)在分詞doinghaving donebeing donehaving been done具有副詞和形容詞的作用在句中做定、表、賓補和狀語過去分詞done動名詞doinghaving donebeing donehaving been donesb’s doing具有名詞的作用在句中做主、賓、定和表語II. 做賓語的非謂語動詞比較：情況常用動詞只接不定式做賓語的動詞hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen只接動名詞做賓語的動詞或短語mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist, considercan’t help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to兩者都可以意義基本相同begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue（接不定式多指具體的動作，接動名詞多指一般或習(xí)慣行為）need, want, require（接動名詞主動形式表示被動意義，若接不定式則應(yīng)用被動形式）意義相反stop to do 停止手中事，去做另一件事stop doing 停止正在做的事意義不同remember/forget/regret to do（指動作尚未發(fā)生）remember/forget/regret doing（指動作已經(jīng)發(fā)生）go on to do（接著做另外一件事）go on doing（接著做同一件事）try to do（設(shè)法，努力去做，盡力）try doing（試試去做，看有何結(jié)果）mean to do（打算做，企圖做）mean doing （意識是，意味著）can’t help to do（不能幫忙做） can’t help doing（忍不住要做）：常見動詞與賓語的邏輯關(guān)系及時間概念例句不定式ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, encourage主謂關(guān)系。The weather in that city could be cold now.We could have walked there。固定結(jié)構(gòu)begoing to, used to, have to, had better變?yōu)楸粍討B(tài)時，只需將其后的動詞變?yōu)楸粍討B(tài)。簡言之，利用過去，說明現(xiàn)在。both和all加否定詞表示部分否定，全部否定用neither和none.All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English.Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher.四．形容詞和副詞：1. 形容詞的位置：1) 形容詞作定語通常前置，但在下列情況后置：1修飾some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞時nobody absent, everything possible2以able, ible結(jié)尾的形容詞可置于有最高級或only修飾的名詞之后the best book available, the only solution possible3alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以后置the only person awake4和空間、時間、單位連用時a bridge 50 meters long5成對的形容詞可以后置a huge room simple and beautiful6形容詞短語一般后置a man difficult to get on with2) 多個形容詞修飾同一個名詞的順序：代詞數(shù)詞性狀形容詞冠詞前的形容詞冠詞指示代詞不定代詞代詞所有格序數(shù)詞基數(shù)詞性質(zhì)狀態(tài)大小長短形狀新舊溫度顏色國籍產(chǎn)地材料質(zhì)地名詞allbothsuchtheathisanotheryoursecondnextonefourbeautifulgoodpoorlargeshortsquarenewcoolblackyellowChineseLondonsilkstone3) 復(fù)合形容詞的構(gòu)成：1形容詞+名詞+edkindhearted6名詞+形容詞worldfamous2形容詞+形容詞darkblue7名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞peaceloving3形容詞+現(xiàn)在分詞ordinarylooking8名詞+過去分詞snowcovered4副詞+現(xiàn)在分詞hardworking9數(shù)詞+名詞+edthreeegged5副詞+過去分詞newlybuilt10數(shù)詞+名詞twentyyearII. 副詞副詞的分類：1時間副詞soon, now, early, finally, once, recently5頻度副詞always, often, frequently, seldom, never2地點副詞here, nearby, outside, upwards, above6疑問副詞how, where, when, why3方式副詞hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really7連接副詞how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile4程度副詞almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather8關(guān)系副詞when, where, whyIII. 形容詞和副詞比較等級：形容詞和副詞的比較等級分為原級，比較級和最高級。One should learn to think of others.Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks.I have some questions to ask. 2) some可用于疑問句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答復(fù)，或者表示建議，請求等。（完整版）一．名詞I.名詞的種類：專有名詞普通名詞國名地名人名，團(tuán)體機構(gòu)名稱可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞個體名詞集體名詞抽象名詞物質(zhì)名詞II. 名詞的數(shù)：1. 規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式：名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式，一般在單數(shù)形式后面加s或es。Would you like some bananas?Could you give me some money?3) some 和any修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)時，some表示某個，any表示任何一個。比較級和最高級的構(gòu)成一般是在形容詞和副詞后加er和est，多音節(jié)和一些雙音節(jié)詞前加more 和most。如：I have already read the novel written by the worldfamous writer. (已經(jīng)看過，且了解這本書的內(nèi)容)2) 一般過去時只表示過去發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)，和現(xiàn)在無關(guān)，它可和表示過去的時間狀語連用，漢譯英時可加“過”，“了”等詞。 如：Trees should not be planted in summer. / The boy was made fun of by his classmates.Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.漢語有一類句子不出現(xiàn)主語，在英語中一般可用被動結(jié)構(gòu)表示。 it was so near.（推測某事本來可能發(fā)生，但實際上沒有發(fā)生）Can he be in the office now? No, he can’t be there, for I saw him in the library just now.(語氣很強，常用于疑問句和否定句中)III. 情態(tài)動詞注意點：1. can和be able to: 都可以表示能力。強調(diào)動作將發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成I heard him call me several times.have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make現(xiàn)在分詞notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel主謂關(guān)系。過去分詞一般表示被動或主語所處的狀態(tài)，含有“感到…”之意，主語多是人。They won the game, as we had expected.T