【正文】 的中間9besides與except的區(qū)別besides指“除了…還有再加上”，except指“除了，減去什么”，不放在句首10表示“用”的in, withwith表示具體的工具，in表示材料，方式，方法，度量，單位，語(yǔ)言，聲音11as與like的區(qū)別as意為“作為，以…地位或身份”，like為“象…一樣”，指情形相似12in與into區(qū)別in通常表示位置（靜態(tài)），into表示動(dòng)向，不表示目的地或位置六．動(dòng)詞I.動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)：1. 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)一共有16種，以ask為例，將其各種時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式列表如下：現(xiàn)在時(shí)過(guò)去時(shí)將來(lái)時(shí)過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)一般ask / asksaskedshall/will askshould/would ask進(jìn)行am/is/are askingwas/were askingshall/will be askingshould/would be asking完成have/has askedhad askedshall/will have askedshould/would have asked完成進(jìn)行have/has been askinghad been askingshall/will have been askingshould/would have been asking2. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別：1) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀況，但和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，它不能同表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，漢譯英時(shí)可加“已經(jīng)”等詞。3. 表示一方隨另一方變化時(shí)用“the more…the more…”句型。如：He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.2) another指“又一個(gè)，另一個(gè)”無(wú)所指，復(fù)數(shù)形式是others，泛指“別的人或事”如：I don’t like this shirt, please show me another (one).The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others.Some like football, while others like basketball.5. all和both, neither和eitherall表示不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。There are some 3,000 students in this school.Do you feel any better today?2. each和every:each強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)別，代表的數(shù)可以是兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上，而every強(qiáng)調(diào)整體，所指的數(shù)必須是三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑問(wèn)句和否定句。所有格分兩種：一是名詞詞尾加’s構(gòu)成，二是由介詞of加名詞構(gòu)成。現(xiàn)將構(gòu)成方法與讀音規(guī)則列表如下：規(guī)則例詞1一般情況在詞尾加smapmaps, seaseas, girlgirls, daydays2以s, x, ch, sh結(jié)尾的名詞后加esclassclasses, boxboxes, watchwatches, dishdishes3以f或fe結(jié)尾的詞變f和fe為v再加esleafleaves, thiefthieves, knifeknives, wifewives, halfhalves加schiefchiefs, proofproofs, roofroofs4以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，變y為i加espartyparties, familyfamilies, storystories, citycities5以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，或?qū)Ｓ忻~以y結(jié)尾的，加stoytoys, boyboys, daydays, rayrays, HenryHenrys6以輔音字母加o結(jié)尾的名詞一般加esNegroNegroes, heroheroes, potatopotatoes, tomatotomatoes不少外來(lái)詞加spianopianos, photophotos, autoautos, kilokilos, solosolos兩者皆可zerozeros/zeroes, volcanovolcanoes/ volcanos7以元音字母加o結(jié)尾的名詞加sradioradios, bamboobamboos, zoozoos8以th結(jié)尾的名詞加struthtruths, mouthmouths, monthmonths, pathpaths,2. 不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù)：英語(yǔ)里有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的，現(xiàn)歸納如下：規(guī)則例詞1改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式manmen, womanwomen, footfeet, goosegeese, mousemice 2單復(fù)數(shù)相同sheep, deer, means, works, fish, yuan, jin, 3只有復(fù)數(shù)形式trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, 4一些集體名詞總是用作復(fù)數(shù)people, police5部分集體名詞既可以作單數(shù)（整體）也可以作復(fù)數(shù)（成員）class, family, crowd, couple, group, government, population, team, public, party6復(fù)數(shù)形式表示特別含義customs(海關(guān)), times(時(shí)代), spirits(情緒), drinks(飲料), sands(沙灘), papers(文件報(bào)紙), looks(外表), brains(頭腦智力), greens(青菜)7表示“某國(guó)人”加sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans單復(fù)數(shù)同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以man或woman結(jié)尾的改為men,womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen8合成名詞將主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)sonsinlaw, lookerson, passersby, storytellers, boy friends無(wú)主體名詞時(shí)將最后一部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)grownups, housewives, stopwatches將兩部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)women singers, men servantsIII. 名詞的所有格：名詞在句中表示所有關(guān)系的語(yǔ)法形式叫做名詞所有格。I.不定冠詞的用法：1指一類(lèi)人或事，相當(dāng)于a kind ofA plane is a machine that can fly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is waiting for you.3表示“每一”相當(dāng)于every，oneWe study eight hours a day.4表示“相同”相當(dāng)于the sameWe are nearly of an age.5用于人名前，表示不認(rèn)識(shí)此人或與某名人有類(lèi)似性質(zhì)的人或事A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were outThat boy is rather a Lei Feng.6用于固定詞組中A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time7用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后This room is rather a big one.8用于so(as, too, how)+形容詞之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.II. 定冠詞的用法：1表示某一類(lèi)人或物The horse is a useful animal.2用于世上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物名詞前the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean3表示說(shuō)話(huà)雙方都了解的或上文提到過(guò)的人或事Would you mind opening the door? 4用于樂(lè)器前面play the violin, play the guitar5用于形容詞和分詞前表示一類(lèi)人the reach, the living, the wounded6表示“一家人”或“夫婦”the Greens, the Wangs7用于序數(shù)詞和形容詞副詞比較級(jí)最高級(jí)前He is the taller of the two children.8用于國(guó)家黨派等以及江河湖海，山川群島的名詞前the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French9用于表示發(fā)明物的單數(shù)名詞前The pass was invented in China.10在逢十的復(fù)數(shù)數(shù)詞之前，指世紀(jì)的某個(gè)年代in the 1990’s11用于表示單位的名詞前I hired the car by the hour.12用于方位名詞，身體部位名詞，及表示時(shí)間的詞組前He patted me on the shoulder.III. 零冠詞的用法：1專(zhuān)有名詞，物質(zhì)名詞，抽象名詞，人名地名等名詞前Beij