【正文】 狀語從句種類連接詞注意點時間狀語when, whenever, while, as, before, after, until, till, by the time, as soon as, hardly…when, no sooner…than, the moment, the minute, immediately, directly, instantly主。從句和主句之間用逗號分開，相當(dāng)于一個插入語，不能用that引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系代詞做賓語時也不能省略。They won the game, as we had expected.They won the game, which we hadn’t expected.As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s.IV. 限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別：類別語法意義及特征例句限制性定語從句對先行詞起修飾限制作用，如果去掉，主句意思就不完整明確，這種從句與主句的關(guān)系十分密切，寫時不用逗號分開。He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study.I like the person to whom the teacher is talking.Those who respect others are usually respected by others.III. as與which的區(qū)別：定語從句區(qū)別例句限制性定語從句中名詞前有such和the same修飾時，關(guān)系代詞用as,不能用whichHe is not such a fool as he looks.Don’t read such books as you can’t understand. 非限制性定語從句中as和which都可以指代前面整個主句。2．先行詞被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修飾時3．先行詞有形容詞最高級和序數(shù)詞修飾時4．先行詞既指人又指物時5．先行詞被the only, the very修飾時6．句中已經(jīng)有who或which時，為了避免重復(fù)時 told me everything that he knows. the books that you offered has been given out. is the best film that I have ever read. talked about the persons and things that we remembered. is the only man that I want to see. is the man that is making a speech?只用which, who, whom的情況1．在非限制性定語從句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人2．在由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。被修飾的詞叫做先行詞，引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞，他的作用一是放在先行詞與定語從句中間起了連接作用，二是在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個成分，并與先行詞保持?jǐn)?shù)的一致。過去分詞一般表示被動或主語所處的狀態(tài)，含有“感到…”之意，主語多是人。但是有形容詞的性質(zhì)，可以做表語，多表明主語的特征性質(zhì)或者狀態(tài)等，可被very, quite, rather等副詞修飾。My dream is to bee a teacher.To obey the law is important. (dream, business, wish, idea, plan, duty, task做主語時常用)動名詞與不定式的功能區(qū)別不大，然而它更接近于名詞，表示的動作比較抽象，或者泛指習(xí)慣性的動作，有時也可以用it做形式主語，做表語時可以和主語互換位置。動作已經(jīng)完成，多強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài)We found the village greatly changed.IV. 非謂語動詞做定語的區(qū)別：區(qū)別舉例不定式與被修飾詞往往有動賓關(guān)系，一般式表示將來，進(jìn)行式表示與謂語動作同時發(fā)生，完成式表示在謂語動詞之前發(fā)生I have a lot of papers to type.I have a lot of papers to be typed.動名詞通常指被修飾詞的用途，無邏輯上的任何關(guān)系Shall we go to the swimming pool?現(xiàn)在分詞與被修飾詞之間是主謂關(guān)系，表示動作與謂語動作同時發(fā)生the boiling water / the boiled waterthe developing country/the developed countrythe falling leaves / the fallen leaves過去分詞與被修飾詞之間是被動關(guān)系，表示動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之前，現(xiàn)已經(jīng)完成V. 非謂語動詞做主語和表語的區(qū)別：區(qū)別舉例不定式多表示一個特定的具體的將來的動作，做主語時可以借助于it把不定式移到句子后面。強(qiáng)調(diào)動作將發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成I heard him call me several times.have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make現(xiàn)在分詞notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel主謂關(guān)系。其形式為：needn’t/daren’t do；Need/dare…do…?做實義動詞時可用于肯定句，否定句和疑問句。2. used to和would: used to表示過去常常做現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不再有的習(xí)慣，而would只表示過去的習(xí)慣或喜好，不涉及現(xiàn)在。Be able to有更多的時態(tài)。 it was so near.（推測某事本來可能發(fā)生，但實際上沒有發(fā)生）Can he be in the office now? No, he can’t be there, for I saw him in the library just now.(語氣很強(qiáng)，常用于疑問句和否定句中)III. 情態(tài)動詞注意點：1. can和be able to: 都可以表示能力。He may not be at home. / They might have finished their task. 3. can和could“可能”，could表示可疑的可能性，不及can’t語氣強(qiáng)，用于肯定、否定、疑問句中。He must be a man from America. / He must be talking with his friend. / He must have already arrived there.2. may和might“也許”，后者語氣弱，更沒有把握。must + do(be)是推測現(xiàn)在存在的一般狀態(tài)進(jìn)行；must + be doing 推測可能正在進(jìn)行的事情；must +have done是推測可能已經(jīng)發(fā)生過的事情。 如：Trees should not be planted in summer. / The boy was made fun of by his classmates.Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.漢語有一類句子不出現(xiàn)主語，在英語中一般可用被動結(jié)構(gòu)表示。4. 一般將來時的表達(dá)方式：將來時用法例句1will/shall+動詞原形表示將來發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)My sister will be ten next year.2be going to+動詞原形含有“打算，計劃，即將”做某事，或表示很有可能要發(fā)生某事It’s going to clear up.We’re going to have a party tonight.3be + doing 進(jìn)行時表示將來go, e, start, move, leave, arrive等詞可用進(jìn)行時表示按計劃即將發(fā)生的動作He is moving to the south.Are they leaving for Europe? 4be about to + 動詞原形表示安排或計劃中的馬上就要發(fā)生的動作，后面一般不跟時間狀語I was about to leave when the bell rang.The meeting is about to close.5be to + 動詞原形表示按計劃進(jìn)行或征求對方意見We’re to meet at the school gate at noon.6一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來時刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來The meeting starts at five o’clock.The plane leaves at ten this evening.II. 動詞的被動語態(tài)：常用被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成常用被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成1一般現(xiàn)在時am/is/are asked6過去進(jìn)行時was/were being asked2一般過去時was/were asked7現(xiàn)在完成時have/has been asked3一般將來時shall/will be asked8過去完成時had been asked4過去將來時should/would be asked9將來完成時will/would have been asked5現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時am/is/are being asked10含有情態(tài)動詞的can/must/may be asked注意事項被動語態(tài)的否定式是在第一個助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后加not，短語動詞的被動態(tài)不可漏掉其中介副詞。I have read tha