【正文】 （完整版）一．名詞I.名詞的種類：專有名詞普通名詞國名地名人名，團體機構(gòu)名稱可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞個體名詞集體名詞抽象名詞物質(zhì)名詞II. 名詞的數(shù)：1. 規(guī)則名詞的復數(shù)形式：名詞的復數(shù)形式，一般在單數(shù)形式后面加s或es?，F(xiàn)將構(gòu)成方法與讀音規(guī)則列表如下：規(guī)則例詞1一般情況在詞尾加smapmaps, seaseas, girlgirls, daydays2以s, x, ch, sh結(jié)尾的名詞后加esclassclasses, boxboxes, watchwatches, dishdishes3以f或fe結(jié)尾的詞變f和fe為v再加esleafleaves, thiefthieves, knifeknives, wifewives, halfhalves加schiefchiefs, proofproofs, roofroofs4以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，變y為i加espartyparties, familyfamilies, storystories, citycities5以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，或?qū)Ｓ忻~以y結(jié)尾的，加stoytoys, boyboys, daydays, rayrays, HenryHenrys6以輔音字母加o結(jié)尾的名詞一般加esNegroNegroes, heroheroes, potatopotatoes, tomatotomatoes不少外來詞加spianopianos, photophotos, autoautos, kilokilos, solosolos兩者皆可zerozeros/zeroes, volcanovolcanoes/ volcanos7以元音字母加o結(jié)尾的名詞加sradioradios, bamboobamboos, zoozoos8以th結(jié)尾的名詞加struthtruths, mouthmouths, monthmonths, pathpaths,2. 不規(guī)則名詞復數(shù)：英語里有些名詞的復數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的，現(xiàn)歸納如下：規(guī)則例詞1改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式manmen, womanwomen, footfeet, goosegeese, mousemice 2單復數(shù)相同sheep, deer, means, works, fish, yuan, jin, 3只有復數(shù)形式trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, 4一些集體名詞總是用作復數(shù)people, police5部分集體名詞既可以作單數(shù)（整體）也可以作復數(shù)（成員）class, family, crowd, couple, group, government, population, team, public, party6復數(shù)形式表示特別含義customs(海關(guān)), times(時代), spirits(情緒), drinks(飲料), sands(沙灘), papers(文件報紙), looks(外表), brains(頭腦智力), greens(青菜)7表示“某國人”加sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans單復數(shù)同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以man或woman結(jié)尾的改為men,womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen8合成名詞將主體名詞變?yōu)閺蛿?shù)sonsinlaw, lookerson, passersby, storytellers, boy friends無主體名詞時將最后一部分變?yōu)閺蛿?shù)grownups, housewives, stopwatches將兩部分變?yōu)閺蛿?shù)women singers, men servantsIII. 名詞的所有格：名詞在句中表示所有關(guān)系的語法形式叫做名詞所有格。所有格分兩種：一是名詞詞尾加’s構(gòu)成，二是由介詞of加名詞構(gòu)成。前者多表示有生命的東西，后者多表示無生命的東西。1. ’s所有格的構(gòu)成：單數(shù)名詞在末尾加’sthe boy’s father, Jack’s book, her soninlaw’s photo,復數(shù)名詞一般在末尾加’the teachers’ room, the twins’ mother, 不規(guī)則復數(shù)名詞后加’sthe children’s toys, women’s rights, 以s結(jié)尾的人名所有格加’s或者’Dickens’ novels, Charles’s job, the Smiths’ house表示各自的所有關(guān)系時,各名詞末尾均須加’sJapan’s and America’s problems, Jane’s and Mary’s bikes表示共有的所有關(guān)系時在最后一詞末加’sJapan and America’s problems, Jane and Mary’s father表示＂某人家＂＂店鋪＂，所有格后名詞省略the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tailor’s, my uncle’s2. ’s所有格的用法：１表示時間today’s newspaper, five weeks’ holiday 2表示自然現(xiàn)象the earth’s atmosphere, the tree’s branches3表示國家城市等地方的名詞the country’s plan, the world’s population, China’s industry4表示工作群體the ship’s crew, majority’s view, the team’s victory5表示度量衡及價值a mile’s journey, five dollars’ worth of apples6與人類活動有特殊關(guān)系的名詞the life’s time, the play’s plot7某些固定詞組a bird’s eye view, a stone’s throw, at one’s wit’s end(不知所措)3. of所有格的用法：用于無生命的東西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的東西，尤其是有較長定語時：the classrooms of the firstyear students用于名詞化的詞：the struggle of the oppressed 二．冠詞冠詞分為不定冠詞（a, an），定冠詞（the），和零冠詞。I.不定冠詞的用法：1指一類人或事，相當于a kind ofA plane is a machine that can fly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is waiting for you.3表示“每一”相當于every，oneWe study eight hours a day.4表示“相同”相當于the sameWe are nearly of an age.5用于人名前，表示不認識此人或與某名人有類似性質(zhì)的人或事A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were outThat boy is rather a Lei Feng.6用于固定詞組中A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time7用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后This room is rather a big one.8用于so(as, too, how)+形容詞之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.II. 定冠詞的用法：1表示某一類人或物The horse is a useful animal.2用于世上獨一無二的事物名詞前the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean3表示說話雙方都了解的或上文提到過的人或事Would you mind opening the door? 4用于樂器前面play the violin, play the guitar5用于形容詞和分詞前表示一類人the reach, the living, the wounded6表示“一家人”或“夫婦”the Greens, the Wangs7用于序數(shù)詞和形容詞副詞比較級最高級前He is the taller of the two children.8用于國家黨派等以及江河湖海，山川群島的名詞前the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French9用于表示發(fā)明物的單數(shù)名詞前The pass was invented in China.10在逢十的復數(shù)數(shù)詞之前，指世紀的某個年代in the 1990’s11用于表示單位的名詞前I hired the car by the hour.12用于方位名詞，身體部位名詞，及表示時間的詞組前He patted me on the shoulder.III. 零冠詞的用法：1專有名詞，物質(zhì)名詞，抽象名詞，人名地名等名詞前Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air