【正文】 “也不”)用于倒裝句句首；如：Are you American,too?(你也是美國人嗎？)/ He is not happy and I am not happy, either.(他不愉快,我也不。) (2) later、after、ago、before的用法：①“一段時間+later/ago”分別表示“(多久)以后/以前”,主要用于過去時態(tài)。)/ Miss Gao hurried to the school gate as quickly as possible.(高小姐盡快地趕到了校門口。如：He wrote down the word.(他寫下了那個詞。如：I’m very sorry he isn’t in at the moment.(很抱歉,他此刻不在家)/ I have been away from my hometown for nearly 20 years.(我離開家鄉(xiāng)有將近20年了) / Jim is over there.(3) 作定語：時間副詞(如now、then)以及許多地點副詞都可以作名詞的定語,放在名詞的后面。如：When and where were you born?(你何時何地出生？)/ Why did little Edison sit on some eggs?(小愛迪生為什么要坐在雞蛋上？)/ How do you do?(你好！)g) 連接副詞：用來引導(dǎo)主語從句、賓語從句和表語從句,在從句中作狀語。如：Old people can hardly walk as quickly as young people.(老年人幾乎不可能走得和年輕人一樣快) / Suddenly he saw a light in the dark cave(山洞).d) 地點副詞：一般放在句尾,但here、there還可放在句首。如：He has been ill/sick for a long time and he is very weak now.(他病了很久,現(xiàn)在非常虛弱) Vets help treat sick pets and most of the pets’ owners like them.(獸醫(yī)幫助診治患病的寵物,很受寵物主人們的喜愛)(16) the poor(窮人們) / the rich(富人們)：“the+形容詞”這一結(jié)構(gòu)可以表示一類人物,復(fù)數(shù)含義。如： She pays (e)special attention to clothes.(她非常注重著裝) / These are special chairs for small children.(這些是專門給小孩子的椅子)(13) gone、lost、missing：gone表示“丟了,沒了”,含一去不復(fù)返的意思,也可以表示“死了”,作表語或賓補,不可以作定語；lost表示“丟失”,含難以找回的意思,可作定語、表語或賓補；missing表示“失蹤了,不見了”,強調(diào)某人物不在原處,可作定語、表語或賓補。如：He lives alone but he doesn’t feel lonely.(他一人獨住,但是并不感到孤獨)/ He is a lonely person. You can not easily get on well with him.(他是個孤獨的人,你要和他相處好實在不易)(11) other與else： other放在名詞前；else修飾不定代詞、疑問詞、little、much,后置,另外,or else表示“否則”,是連詞。)(7) nice與fine：nice表示令人愉快的,可以指東西、人物外表等；fine一般指身體或天氣好。如：He’s very tall/short. / Tall trees are standing on both sides of that avenue.(大道的兩側(cè)有高大的樹木) / A few people live on high mountains.(少量的人住在高山上)(3) real與true：real一般指東西的真假,譯為“真的”；而true則指事情或消息的可靠性,譯為“真實的”。如：Something serious has happened to him.(他發(fā)生了嚴(yán)重的事故)b) 與表示“長、寬、高、重、老、遠(yuǎn)離”的詞連用時。如：They are now at People’s Cinema.n 六、形容詞：1. 形容詞在句子中的位置：(1) 定語時放在名詞的前面,且音節(jié)少的詞放在音節(jié)多的詞之前。如：Men are cleverer than monkeys.(5) 三餐飯前不用。 3. 一些不用冠詞的情況：(1) 專有名詞和(第一次使用)一些不可數(shù)名詞時前面通常不用。如：I have never been to the Himalaya Mountains.(9) 用在含有普通名詞的專有名詞的前面。)(5) 用在表示方位的名詞前面。如：Look at the blackboard,Lily.(莉莉,請看黑板。)(4) 表示“一”這個數(shù)量。如：A elephant is much stronger than a man.(大象比人強壯多了。 3/4→ three quarters 。 2/3→ two thirds 。who、whom、whose、what、which、whoever、whatever、whichever主要用于特殊疑問句中,一般放在句首。each other表示兩者之間, one anther表示許多人之間。)(11) none、no one、nobody：no one和nobody都表示“沒有人”,僅指人,后面不跟of 短語,作主語時謂語用單數(shù)形式；none“沒有一個人/物”,可指人也可以指物,后面可跟of短語,作主語時謂語可用單數(shù)也可用復(fù)數(shù)。 a great deal of只可以修飾不可數(shù)名詞(它修飾的詞作主語時謂語用單數(shù)形式)可以換為much。如：Hey,Lily. There is someone outside the door.(嗨,麗麗,門外有人) /He has nothing much to do today.(他今天沒有多少事情做)(9) so可以代替一件事情,作句子的賓語或表語。) / Don’t worry. There is still a little time left.(別著急,還有一點兒時間呢。)(6) other、the other和anothe：other（另一、另一些）,有復(fù)數(shù)形式。every和each都用作單數(shù)理解。)(2) no和none：no只能作定語表示,意思是“沒有”,修飾可數(shù)名詞(單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù))或不可數(shù)名詞。如：I have some work to do today. (今天我有些事情要做)/ They will go there some day.(他們有朝一日會去那兒) some 用于疑問句時,表示建議、請求或希望得到肯定回答。Have you found the book which you lost several days ago?(你找到幾天前丟失的那本書了嗎？)(4) 關(guān)系代詞that既可指人也可指物,如果作從句的賓語,則有時省略。Remember never to do such things.(記得永遠(yuǎn)不要做這樣的事情) Do the same as the teacher tells you. (按老師說的做)Who is it?(是誰？) It’s me!(是我！)6. 關(guān)系代詞：用來引導(dǎo)定語從句。This is your cup,but where is mine? / Your classroom is very big, but ours is rather small.(你們的教室很大,我們的相當(dāng)小)3. “of + 名詞性物主代詞”稱為雙重所有格,作定語時放在名詞的后面。如：He made up his mind to make the journey to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行觀光去了) / He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好幾次) / Did you go to Santiago during your travels?(旅行期間你去圣地亞哥了嗎？) / Travelling through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里邊穿行是很危險的)(4) sound、noise、voice： sound指各種聲音；noise主要指“噪音”；voice指人的“嗓音”。A woman with a 7yearold child was standing at the side of the road.(10) 表示一段時間或長度概念的復(fù)數(shù)名詞做主語時,謂語一般用單數(shù)。如：A lot of students are playing baseball now. A lot of time was wasted on that work.(6) there be 句型中be的單復(fù)數(shù)由靠近的名詞決定。只在詞尾加’。如：family→families, city→cities, party→parties.(3) 以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞,變f或fe為v,再加es。 專有名詞如果是含有普通名詞的短語,則必須使用定冠詞 the People’s Republic of China 姓氏名如果采用復(fù)數(shù)形式表示該姓氏一家人(復(fù)數(shù)含義),如：the Greens格林一家人。d) 形容詞→副詞,如：early→early, fast→fast等等。(2) 派生法：a) 派生名詞：①動詞+er/or ②動詞+ing ③動詞+(t)ion ④形容詞+ness ⑤其他,如：inventorb) 派生形容詞：①名詞+y ②名詞+ful ③動詞+ing/ed ④friendly ⑤dangerous ⑥Chinese。(6) 狀語用來修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞,通常由副詞擔(dān)任。雙賓語：指物的叫直接賓語,指人的叫間接賓語。(3) 表語在系動詞之后,說明主語的身份或特征。如：oh, well, hi, hello.2. 句子成分：(1) 主語是句子所要說的人或事物,回答是“誰”或者“什么”。如：now, very, here, slowly.(7) 冠詞(art..)：用在名詞前,幫助說明名詞。如：who, she, you, it .(3) 形容詞(adj..)：表示人或事物的性質(zhì)或特征。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.(2) 代詞(pron.)： 主要用來代替名詞。如：am, is,are,have,see .(6) 副詞(adv.)： 修飾動詞、形容詞或其他副詞,說明時間、地點、程度等。如and, but, before .(10) 感嘆詞(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、樂等感情。主要由動詞擔(dān)任。通常由名詞或代詞擔(dān)任。He wrote a letter to me .(5) 定語修飾名詞或代詞,通常由形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞等擔(dān)任。如：Where is your classmate Tom ?3. 構(gòu)詞法：(1) 合成法：如：spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。c) 名詞→動詞,如：hand(手)→(傳遞),face(臉)→(面對)等等。n 二、名詞：1. 專有名詞和普通名詞兩大類：(1) 專有名詞是個別的人、地、物、團體、機構(gòu)等的專用名稱，第一個字母大寫，Beijing, Tom。如：photo→photos, piano→pianos.(2) 輔音字母加y結(jié)尾,變y為i,再加es。Childern’s Day(兒童節(jié)), my sister’s book(2) 以s或es結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞。如：The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(褲子很便宜,我想買)(5) a lot of 后跟名詞復(fù)數(shù)時謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式,跟不可數(shù)名詞時謂語用單數(shù)形式。Either you or he is right.(要么是你對要么是他對) / Neither you nor I am going there.(你和我都不打算去那里) (9) 主語中含有with的短語時,謂語單復(fù)數(shù)由with之前的人物決定。如：The Shanghai Television Festival will be held next month. / Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是個假日,多數(shù)人不工作) / What are you going to do during the summer vacation/holidays?(在暑期你打算做什么事情？)(3) journey、tour、trip、travel： journey指長途旅行,不知終點,含有辛苦的意思；tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,強調(diào)游覽多處,常用來指觀光等；trip通常指往返定時的短途旅行,如出差度假等；travel多指長期或長途的觀光旅行,尤其指到國外,沒有明確目的地,也作不可數(shù)名詞,指旅行這一行為。如：Both he and I are working at that puter pany. –Who will go there? –You and me.2. 名詞性物主代詞相當(dāng)于名詞,既代替事物又表明所屬關(guān)系,在句子中往往獨立地作主語、賓語或者表語,后面千萬不可以跟名詞。such (這樣的人/物)：指上文提過的人和物； same (同樣