【正文】 (13) gone、lost、missing：gone表示“丟了,沒了”,含一去不復(fù)返的意思,也可以表示“死了”,作表語或賓補(bǔ),不可以作定語；lost表示“丟失”,含難以找回的意思,可作定語、表語或賓補(bǔ)；missing表示“失蹤了,不見了”,強(qiáng)調(diào)某人物不在原處,可作定語、表語或賓補(bǔ)。) / Do you have anything else to say for yourself?(你還有什么要為自己說的嗎？(12) special與especial：表示事件不同尋常、過分或特殊時(shí),兩個(gè)詞可互換,但special較為常用。如：He lives alone but he doesn’t feel lonely.(他一人獨(dú)住,但是并不感到孤獨(dú))/ He is a lonely person. You can not easily get on well with him.(他是個(gè)孤獨(dú)的人,你要和他相處好實(shí)在不易)(11) other與else： other放在名詞前；else修飾不定代詞、疑問詞、little、much,后置,另外,or else表示“否則”,是連詞。如：I am full because I have had too much rice.(我飽了,因?yàn)槲页粤颂嗟拿罪? / That coat is much too dear.(那件大衣太貴了)(9) quick、fast與soon：quick與fast基本同義,quick往往指反應(yīng)速度快,fast往往指運(yùn)動(dòng)速度快,而soon則表示時(shí)間上很快即將發(fā)生。)(7) nice與fine：nice表示令人愉快的,可以指東西、人物外表等；fine一般指身體或天氣好。如：The man is very interesting and all the children like him. (這個(gè)人很有趣,孩子們都喜歡他)/ This book is interesting and you can really enjoy yourself.(這本書很有趣,你會(huì)真正獲得享受) / I am interested in science.(我對(duì)自然科學(xué)感興趣)(5) such用法： such + a(n) + 名詞(單數(shù))(+that從句)。如：He’s very tall/short. / Tall trees are standing on both sides of that avenue.(大道的兩側(cè)有高大的樹木) / A few people live on high mountains.(少量的人住在高山上)(3) real與true：real一般指東西的真假,譯為“真的”；而true則指事情或消息的可靠性,譯為“真實(shí)的”。)The moon is about 380,000 kilometres away from the earth.(月球離地38萬公里)2. 有關(guān)形容詞的用法辨析：(1) whole與all：① the whole + 名詞； ②all (of) the + 名詞。如：Something serious has happened to him.(他發(fā)生了嚴(yán)重的事故)b) 與表示“長(zhǎng)、寬、高、重、老、遠(yuǎn)離”的詞連用時(shí)。如：The price sounds reasonable.(這個(gè)價(jià)格聽起來算是合理)(3) 賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)放在賓語之后。如：They are now at People’s Cinema.n 六、形容詞：1. 形容詞在句子中的位置：(1) 定語時(shí)放在名詞的前面,且音節(jié)少的詞放在音節(jié)多的詞之前。如：On Children’s Day the boys often get presents from their parents.(在兒童節(jié),這些男孩經(jīng)常得到父母的禮物)(7) 球類名詞前不用。如：Men are cleverer than monkeys.(5) 三餐飯前不用。如：My pen is much more expensive than yours.(我的鋼筆比你的昂貴多了)(3) 周名,月名或季節(jié)名前一般不用。 3. 一些不用冠詞的情況：(1) 專有名詞和(第一次使用)一些不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)前面通常不用。如：The Greens are going to Mount Emei next month.(11) same之前一般用the。如：I have never been to the Himalaya Mountains.(9) 用在含有普通名詞的專有名詞的前面。如：Who is the first one to go?(誰第一個(gè)去？) / Of all the stars, the sun is the nearest to the earth.(在所有的恒星之中太陽離地球最近)(7) 常用在樂器名稱的前面。)(5) 用在表示方位的名詞前面。如：There is a man under the tree. The man is called Robert.(4) 表示世界上獨(dú)一無二的事物。如：Look at the blackboard,Lily.(莉莉,請(qǐng)看黑板。2. 定冠詞the的用法：(1) 表示特指的人或事物。)(4) 表示“一”這個(gè)數(shù)量。)(3) 表示某類人或事物中的任何一個(gè)。如：A elephant is much stronger than a man.(大象比人強(qiáng)壯多了。如：The third lesson is rather difficult.(第三課相當(dāng)難)/ Shall we read the text a third time?(我們把課文讀第三遍,好嗎？)n 五、冠詞1. 不定冠詞a / an的用法（an用在元音開頭的詞的前面）：(1) 表示某一個(gè)人或東西,但不具體說明何人或何物。 3/4→ three quarters 。 1/2→ a half 。 2/3→ two thirds 。如：Who(m) did you invite to your birthday party?(你都邀請(qǐng)了誰參加你的生日聚會(huì)的？)What does she want to be when she grows up?(她長(zhǎng)大了想干什么？)[注] 注意這個(gè)提問：The man in the car is my father.(車?yán)锏哪腥耸俏腋赣H)→Which man is your father?(哪個(gè)男人是你的父親？)n 四、數(shù)詞： 1. 序數(shù)詞作“幾分之幾”講時(shí),有復(fù)數(shù)形式。who、whom、whose、what、which、whoever、whatever、whichever主要用于特殊疑問句中,一般放在句首。) / They sat there without talking to one another / each other.(他們坐在那兒,互相都不說話。each other表示兩者之間, one anther表示許多人之間。)None of my friends came to see me that day.(那天沒有一個(gè)朋友來看我。)(11) none、no one、nobody：no one和nobody都表示“沒有人”,僅指人,后面不跟of 短語,作主語時(shí)謂語用單數(shù)形式；none“沒有一個(gè)人/物”,可指人也可以指物,后面可跟of短語,作主語時(shí)謂語可用單數(shù)也可用復(fù)數(shù)。) I don’t have to do it in a hurry because I have plenty of time.(我用不著趕忙,因?yàn)槲矣谐渥愕臅r(shí)間。 a great deal of只可以修飾不可數(shù)名詞(它修飾的詞作主語時(shí)謂語用單數(shù)形式)可以換為much。) / He lost a book. So did I.(他丟失了一本書,我也是。如：Hey,Lily. There is someone outside the door.(嗨,麗麗,門外有人) /He has nothing much to do today.(他今天沒有多少事情做)(9) so可以代替一件事情,作句子的賓語或表語。Some…一般用于肯定句中；any…一般用于疑問句、否定句和條件狀語從句中。) / Don’t worry. There is still a little time left.(別著急,還有一點(diǎn)兒時(shí)間呢。(7) few、little、a few、a little：few、little “很少幾個(gè)”、“幾乎沒有”,有否定的意思,a few、a little意思是“有幾個(gè)”、“有些”,有肯定的意思 ；few、a few與可數(shù)名詞連用或代替可數(shù)的事物, little、a little與不可數(shù)名詞連用或代替不可數(shù)的事物。)(6) other、the other和anothe：other（另一、另一些）,有復(fù)數(shù)形式。neither和either在句子中都用作單數(shù)。every和each都用作單數(shù)理解。both指兩個(gè)人或物。)(2) no和none：no只能作定語表示,意思是“沒有”,修飾可數(shù)名詞(單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù))或不可數(shù)名詞。如：They didn’t have any friends here. (他們?cè)谶@里沒有朋友)/ Have you got any questions to ask?(你有問題要問嗎？) any 用于肯定句時(shí),意思是“任何的”。如：I have some work to do today. (今天我有些事情要做)/ They will go there some day.(他們有朝一日會(huì)去那兒) some 用于疑問句時(shí),表示建議、請(qǐng)求或希望得到肯定回答。what,who,whom,which,whose8. 不定代詞：代替或修飾不特指的人或事物的代詞叫不定代詞。Have you found the book which you lost several days ago?(你找到幾天前丟失的那本書了嗎？)(4) 關(guān)系代詞that既可指人也可指物,如果作從句的賓語,則有時(shí)省略。The student who is drawing a picture is in Grade One.(正在畫畫的學(xué)生是一年級(jí)的)(2) 關(guān)系代詞who / whom指人,如果作從句的賓語,則有時(shí)省略。Remember never to do such things.(記得永遠(yuǎn)不要做這樣的事情) Do the same as the teacher tells you. (按老師說的做)Who is it?(是誰？) It’s me!(是我！)6. 關(guān)系代詞：用來引導(dǎo)定語從句。Don’t play with the knife, you might hurt yourself.(不要玩刀子,那會(huì)割傷你的) 作同位語表示強(qiáng)調(diào) The story itself is good. Only he didn’t tell it well.(故事本身是好的,只是他沒有講好)5. 指示代詞： 指示說明近處或遠(yuǎn)處、上文或下文、以前或現(xiàn)在的人或事物。This is your cup,but where is mine? / Your classroom is very big, but ours is rather small.(你們的教室很大,我們的相當(dāng)小)3. “of + 名詞性物主代詞”稱為雙重所有格,作定語時(shí)放在名詞的后面。如：There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很多種類的魚)/ I prefer fish to meat.n 三、代詞：1. 三個(gè)不同人稱同時(shí)出現(xiàn), ,按照“you→he→I”的順序表達(dá)。如：He made up his mind to make the journey to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行觀光去了) / He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好幾次) / Did you go to Santiago during your travels?(旅行期間你去圣地亞哥了嗎？) / Travelling through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里邊穿行是很危險(xiǎn)的)(4) sound、noise、voice： sound指各種聲音；noise主要指“噪音”；voice指人的“嗓音”。如：People all around the world enjoy sports.(全世界的人都喜愛運(yùn)動(dòng)) / The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008奧運(yùn)會(huì)將在北京舉行)(被動(dòng)句) / Our school football team won the league match(聯(lián)賽).(我們學(xué)校足球隊(duì)取得了聯(lián)賽冠軍) / They were strong and won the boat race.(湯他們很棒,贏得了劃艇比賽)(2) festival、holiday、vacation： festival“節(jié)日”,指喜慶的日子或持續(xù)一段時(shí)間的文娛活動(dòng)；holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣,復(fù)數(shù)可以表示一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的假期；vacation“假期”,指學(xué)習(xí)或工作中一段長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的休息。A woman with a 7yearold child was standing at the side of the road.(10) 表示一段時(shí)間或長(zhǎng)度概念的復(fù)數(shù)名詞做主語時(shí),謂語一般用單數(shù)。Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都來)(8) either…or…或 neithe