【正文】 no time left. Please hurry up.(沒(méi)有時(shí)間了,請(qǐng)快點(diǎn)) / They had no reading books to lend.none只能獨(dú)立使用,在句子中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ),意思是“沒(méi)有一個(gè)人(或事物)”如：None of them is/are in the classroom.(他們當(dāng)中沒(méi)有一個(gè)在教室里) / I have many books, but none is interesting.(我有很多的書,但沒(méi)有一本是有趣的) (3) all和both：all指三者或以上的人或物。如：Would you like some coffee with sugar? any 一般用于疑問(wèn)句或否定句中,意思是“任何一些”、“任何一個(gè)”,作定語(yǔ)時(shí)可修飾可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞。Can you see the man that is running along the river bank ?(你看得見順著河跑的男人了嗎？)7. 連接代詞：用來(lái)引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句、主語(yǔ)從句或表語(yǔ)從句。(1) who 、which、 that 、whom 等,將定語(yǔ)從句和主句連接起來(lái)。A friend of mine came to see me yesterday. (若干朋友中一個(gè)) My friend came to see me yesterday. (那個(gè)特定的朋友)4. 反身代詞在句子中作賓語(yǔ)表示反射(指一個(gè)動(dòng)作回到該動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者本身)。The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧囂聲讓我徹夜難眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然間傳來(lái)幾聲槍響和一聲尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因?yàn)楦忻暗木壒?這個(gè)歌唱家失去了她銀鈴般的嗓音)(5) fish的問(wèn)題：指許多條魚且不管種類時(shí),用fish,單復(fù)數(shù)相同；fishes 指許多種類的魚。Two months is not a short time.(兩個(gè)月不是個(gè)短時(shí)間)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance.(11) 主語(yǔ)中含有half of… / (three quarters)of… / all (of) the ….等詞語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)由名詞確定,Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.(因特網(wǎng)上四分之三以上的信息是用英語(yǔ)寫的) / A third of the students were playing near the lake.(學(xué)生的三分之一(當(dāng)時(shí))正在湖邊玩耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(這些河流中的水已經(jīng)被污染了)(被動(dòng)句) 但是population一詞又有特殊情況：What’s the population of China?(中國(guó)人口是多少？)(句子用單數(shù)) / Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(這個(gè)城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用復(fù)數(shù))5. 部分名詞用法辨析：(1) sport、game、match、race： sport通常指“戶外運(yùn)動(dòng)”,以鍛煉為主；game意思是“運(yùn)動(dòng)、比賽”,不管戶內(nèi)戶外還是腦力體力,指以勝負(fù)為主的運(yùn)動(dòng)；match意為“競(jìng)賽、比賽”,多指正式比賽；race主要表示“賽跑、賽馬、賽車”。There is a table and four chairs in the room.(7) both…and…連接兩個(gè)事物做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)一般用復(fù)數(shù)。如：Teachers’ Day(教師節(jié))(3) 有些表示時(shí)間、距離以及世界、國(guó)家、城鎮(zhèn)等無(wú)生命的名詞,也可在詞尾加’s. today’s newspaper, ten minutes’ break(十分鐘的課間休息),China’s population(中國(guó)的人口).(4) 無(wú)論表示有生命還是無(wú)生命的東西的名詞,一般均可用介詞of短語(yǔ)來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系。如：shelf→shelves, wolf→wolves, life→lives不規(guī)則：sheep→sheep,tooth→teeth, fish→fish, child→children, ox→oxen, goose→geese3. 名詞所有格：表示所屬關(guān)系,相當(dāng)于物主代詞,在句中作定語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)。(2) 普通名詞分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。e) 副詞→連詞,如：when(什么時(shí)候)→(當(dāng)……時(shí)候),等等。 Japanese；English c) 派生副詞：①形容詞+ly ②其它,如：slowly, angrily, full→fully, good→well, possible→possibly(3) 轉(zhuǎn)換法：a) 形容詞→動(dòng)詞,如：dry(干燥的)→dry(弄干), clean(干凈的)→clean(打掃,弄干凈),等。He works hard .(他工作努力)(7) 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)用來(lái)說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)怎么樣或干什么,通常由形容詞或動(dòng)詞充當(dāng)。間接賓語(yǔ)一般放在直接賓語(yǔ)的前面。名詞、代詞或形容詞擔(dān)任。通常用名詞或代詞擔(dān)任。如：a, an, the.(8) 介詞(prep.)： 表示它后面的名詞或代詞與其他句子成分的關(guān)系。如：good, right, white, orange . (4) 數(shù)詞(num.)： 表示數(shù)目或事物的順序。初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法n 詞類、句子成分和構(gòu)詞法：1. 詞類： (1) 名詞(n.)： 表示人、事物、地點(diǎn)或抽象概念。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth.(5) 動(dòng)詞(v.)： 表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。如in, on, from, above.(9) 連詞(conj.)： 用來(lái)連接詞、短語(yǔ)或句子。(2) 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),回答“做(什么)”。My name is Ping ping . (4) 賓語(yǔ)表示及物動(dòng)詞的對(duì)象或結(jié)果,回答做的是“什么”。He wrote me a letter .有時(shí)可把介詞to或for加在間接賓語(yǔ)前構(gòu)成短語(yǔ),放在直接賓語(yǔ)后面,來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)間接賓語(yǔ)。They usually keep their classroom clean. / He often helps me do my lessons. / The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself.(老師要我自學(xué)法語(yǔ))[注] 同位語(yǔ)通常緊跟在名詞、代詞后面,進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明它的情況。b) 動(dòng)詞→名詞,如：look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk等等。f) 介詞→副詞,如：in(到……里)→(在里面；在家),on(在…上)→(進(jìn)行,繼續(xù)),等等。2. 可數(shù)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)：(1) s,o,x ,sh,ch結(jié)尾加es. 少數(shù)以o結(jié)尾只加s。其構(gòu)成法如下：(1) 表示人或其它有生命的東西的名詞常在詞尾加’s。如：a fine daughter of the Party(黨的好女兒).[注] 兩人共有某物時(shí),可以采用 A and B’s 的形式,如：Lucy and Lily’s bedroom“of+名詞所有格/名詞性物主代詞”,稱為雙重所有格,如：a friend of my father’s(我父親的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)4. 名詞或代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)和謂語(yǔ)之間的單復(fù)數(shù)的一致問(wèn)題：(1) 主語(yǔ)是可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式：如：The puter was a great invention.(計(jì)算機(jī)是個(gè)了不起的發(fā)明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)(2) 集體名詞(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主語(yǔ)時(shí),a) 如果表示整體概念,則謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式,如：Class Three is a very good class.b) 如果表示其中的所有成員時(shí),則謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式,如：Class Three have a map of China.(3) maths, news等雖然有s結(jié)尾,但不是復(fù)數(shù),因此謂語(yǔ)仍用單數(shù)：The news is very exciting. (4) glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名詞往往用復(fù)數(shù)形式,故謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都來(lái))(8) either…or…或 neither…nor…連接兩個(gè)人物做句子主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)采用就近原則。如：People all around the world enjoy sports.(全世界的人都喜愛(ài)運(yùn)動(dòng)) / The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008奧運(yùn)會(huì)將在北京舉行)(被動(dòng)句) / Our school football team won the league match(聯(lián)賽).(我們學(xué)校足球隊(duì)取得了聯(lián)賽冠軍) / They were strong and won the boat race.(湯他們很棒,贏得了劃艇比賽)(2) festival、holiday、vacation： festival“節(jié)日”,指喜慶的日子或持續(xù)一段時(shí)間的文娛活動(dòng)；holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣,復(fù)數(shù)可以表示一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的假期；vacation“假期”,指學(xué)習(xí)或工作中一段長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的休息。如：There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很多種類的魚)/ I prefer fish to meat.n 三、代詞：1. 三個(gè)不同人稱同時(shí)出現(xiàn), ,按照“you→he→I”的順序表達(dá)。Don’t play with the knife, you might hurt yourself.(不要玩刀子,那會(huì)割傷你的) 作同位語(yǔ)表示強(qiáng)調(diào) The story itself is good. Only he didn’t tell it well.(故事本身是好的,只是他沒(méi)有講好)5. 指示代詞： 指示說(shuō)明近處或遠(yuǎn)處、上文或下文、以前或現(xiàn)在的人或事物。The student who is drawing a picture is in Grade One.(正在畫畫的學(xué)生是一年級(jí)的)(2) 關(guān)系代詞who / whom指人,如果作從句的賓語(yǔ),則有時(shí)省略。what,who,whom,which,whose8. 不定代詞：代替或修飾不特指的人或事物的代詞叫不定代詞。如：They didn’t have any friends here. (他們?cè)谶@里沒(méi)有朋友)/ Have you got any questions to ask?(你有問(wèn)題要問(wèn)嗎？) any 用于肯定句時(shí),意思是“任何的”。both指兩個(gè)人或物。neither和either在句子中都用作單數(shù)。(7) few、little、a few、a little：few、little “很少幾個(gè)”、“幾乎沒(méi)有”,有否定的意思,a few、a little意思是“有幾個(gè)”、“有些”,有肯定的意思 ；few、a few與可數(shù)名詞連用或代替可數(shù)的事物, little、a little與不可數(shù)名詞連用或代替不可數(shù)的事物。Some…一般用于肯定句中；any…一般用于疑問(wèn)句、否定句和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中。) / He lost a book. So did I.(他丟失了一本書,我也是。) I don’t have to do it in a hurry because I have plenty of time.(我用不著趕忙,因?yàn)槲矣谐渥愕臅r(shí)間。)None of my friends came to see me that day.(那天沒(méi)有一個(gè)朋友來(lái)看我。) / They sat there without talking to one another / each other.(他們坐在那兒,互相都不說(shuō)話。如：Who(m) did you invite to your birthday party?(你都邀請(qǐng)了誰(shuí)參加你的生日聚會(huì)的？)What does she want to be when she grows up?(她長(zhǎng)大了想干什么？)[注] 注意這個(gè)提問(wèn)：The man in the car is my father.(車?yán)锏哪腥耸俏腋赣H)→Which man is your father?(哪個(gè)男人是你的父親？)n 四、數(shù)詞： 1. 序數(shù)詞作“幾分之幾”講時(shí),有復(fù)數(shù)形式。 1/2→ a half 。如：The third lesson is rather difficult.(第三課相當(dāng)難)/ Shall we read the text a third time?(我們把課文讀第三遍,好嗎？)n 五、冠詞1. 不定冠詞a / an的用法（an用在元音開頭的詞的前面）：(1) 表示某一個(gè)人或東西,但不具體說(shuō)明何人或何物。)(3) 表示某類人或事物中的任何一個(gè)。2. 定冠詞the的用法：(1) 表示特指的人或事物。如：There is a man under the tree. The man is calle