【正文】 never seen such a strange guy(家伙).(我從未見(jiàn)過(guò)這樣奇怪的家伙) / It is quite a nice day for a walk.(這真是散步的好日子)(11) how 的幾個(gè)短語(yǔ)：how often“多常,每隔多久”,用于一般時(shí)態(tài),對(duì)表示頻度的詞語(yǔ)進(jìn)行提問(wèn)； how soon“多久以后”,用于將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)； how long“多久”,用于過(guò)去時(shí)、完成時(shí)或其他時(shí)態(tài)； how many times“多少次”,用于過(guò)去時(shí)或完成時(shí),對(duì)總計(jì)次數(shù)進(jìn)行提問(wèn)； how much“多么,多少”,對(duì)程度進(jìn)行提問(wèn),也可以對(duì)數(shù)量(不可數(shù))或金錢(qián)進(jìn)行提問(wèn)。如：How long have you been like this?(你這樣已經(jīng)多久了？)/ How often does he wash his face?(他每隔多久洗一次臉？)(12) much、more與most的用法：這三個(gè)詞除了是形容詞作名詞的修飾語(yǔ)之外,還是程度副詞,much表示“很”,修飾原級(jí)形/副,more表示“更”用來(lái)構(gòu)成多音節(jié)形/副的比較級(jí),most表示“最”用來(lái)構(gòu)成多音節(jié)形/副的最高級(jí)。此外,much也可以修飾比較級(jí)形/副。如：This park is much more beautiful than that one.(這個(gè)公園比那個(gè)漂亮多了)/ It is the most instructive film I have ever seen.(這是我看過(guò)的最有教育意義的電影)(13) 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中,方式副詞一般放在be與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間。如The runner was badly hurt.(賽跑運(yùn)動(dòng)員受了重傷) / English is widely spoken in the world today.(如今世界上英語(yǔ)說(shuō)得很廣泛)3. 形容詞、 副詞的原級(jí)、比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)(1) 規(guī)則變化:單音節(jié)和部分雙音節(jié)，在原級(jí)的后面加上er,est構(gòu)成比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。a)直接加er,est ：b)以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾的,要雙寫(xiě)最后一個(gè)輔音字母,后加er,est：c)以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的,先把y改為i再加上er,est： 兩個(gè)音節(jié)或兩個(gè)以上的音節(jié)的,在原級(jí)前加more / most.(2) 不規(guī)則變化:原級(jí)比較級(jí)最高級(jí)good好的better更好的best最好的well好；(身體)好的,bad,badly糟糕的,糟糕地worse更糟糕的,更糟糕地；(身體)更不舒服的worst最糟糕的,最糟糕地；(身體)最不舒服的ill(身體)不舒服的many許多的(可數(shù))more更多的；更most最多的；最much許多的(不可數(shù))；非常little少的less更少的least最少的far遠(yuǎn)的；遠(yuǎn)地farther更遠(yuǎn)的；更遠(yuǎn)地farthest最遠(yuǎn)的；最遠(yuǎn)地further進(jìn)一步的(地)furthest最深刻的(地)4. 形容詞和副詞的原級(jí)、比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的用法：(1) 講述某人/物自身的情況時(shí),用原級(jí)?；揪湫褪牵褐髡Z(yǔ)(sb./sth) + 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 + (very/too/so/quite/rather…) + 形容詞/副詞原級(jí) +….He is very old now.(他現(xiàn)在很老了) / They ran quite fast.(它們跑得相當(dāng)快)☆表示兩者之間沒(méi)有差別時(shí),使用句型：主語(yǔ)(第一個(gè)人物) + 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 + as + 形容詞/副詞原級(jí) + as + 第二個(gè)人物 +….He is as excited as his younger sister.(他和他妹妹一樣興奮)/ Lily rode her bike as slowly as an old lady.(莉莉騎車(chē)像老太太一樣慢)/ They picked as many apples as the farmers (did).☆表示第一個(gè)人比不上第二個(gè)人時(shí),使用句型：主語(yǔ)+ 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(否定式) + as / so + 形容詞/副詞原級(jí) + as + 第二個(gè)人物+….He is not so / as excited as his younger sister.(他沒(méi)他妹妹那么興奮) / Lily did not ride her bike so / as slowly as an old lady. (莉莉騎車(chē)不像老太太那樣慢) / They didn’t pick so / as many apples as the farmers (did). (他們摘的蘋(píng)果不如農(nóng)民多)(2) 講述兩者有差異,第一個(gè)人物超過(guò)第二個(gè)人物時(shí),用比較級(jí)?；揪湫停褐髡Z(yǔ)(‘A’)+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞+(much/a little/even/still)+比較級(jí)+than+第二個(gè)人物(‘B’)+….A modern train is much faster than a car.(現(xiàn)代的火車(chē)比轎車(chē)快多了) / This book didn’t cost me more than that one.(這本書(shū)花費(fèi)我的錢(qián)不比那本多) 講述兩者有差異,第一個(gè)人物不及第二個(gè)人物時(shí),用比較級(jí)。句型是：主語(yǔ)(‘A’) + 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 + less+ (多音節(jié)形/副)比較級(jí) + than + 第二個(gè)人物(‘B’) +….I think English is less difficult than maths.(我認(rèn)為英語(yǔ)不比數(shù)學(xué)難)/ Do you think it less important to learn a foreign language?(你認(rèn)為學(xué)外語(yǔ)不那么重要嗎？)(3) 講述某人/物是一群之中最突出的一個(gè)時(shí),用最高級(jí)。句型是：主語(yǔ)(sb./sth) + 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 +(the) +形容詞/副詞最高級(jí) +in / of ….The Changjiang River is the longest in China. / He jumped (the) highest of the three (boys).5. 關(guān)于比較等級(jí)的重要注釋?zhuān)?1) “the+比較級(jí)…,the+比較級(jí)…”表示“越…就越…”。如：The more trees we plant,the better it will be.(我們?cè)缘臉?shù)越多,情況就會(huì)越好)/ The harder you try,the greater your progress is.(你越是努力,進(jìn)步就越大)(2) 一般的形容詞或副詞的比較級(jí)前面可以加much/a little/even/still,而表示數(shù)量的more之前還可以加some/ any/ no/ one/ two/ many/ several/ a lot等詞。如：It is much colder today than yesterday.(今天比昨天冷多了)/ Would you like some more coffee?(你還要些咖啡嗎？)/He did not eat any more.(他沒(méi)有再吃)(3) more than / less than分別可以理解為“多于/少于”,相當(dāng)于副詞,more than=over。 less than=：I lived in New York for more than four months.(我在紐約生活了四個(gè)多月)(4) “one of the +最高級(jí)+名詞(復(fù)數(shù))”整個(gè)短語(yǔ)為單數(shù)含義,謂語(yǔ)要用單數(shù)形式。如：One of the oldest houses has been burnt in a fire.(最古老的一幢房子在一場(chǎng)大火中被燒毀了)(5) “Which / Who+動(dòng)詞+形/副”句型中,如果有兩個(gè)選項(xiàng),形/副用比較級(jí),如果有三個(gè)選項(xiàng),形/副用最高級(jí)。如：Who has more books, Lin Tao or Han Mei?(林濤和韓梅誰(shuí)的書(shū)最多？)/ Which is the heaviest,a pig,a horse or an elephant?(豬、馬、象哪個(gè)最重？)(6) 上下文中含有both/either/neither/two/twins等表示兩個(gè)事物的詞時(shí),用比較級(jí),而且往往還要加the；含有all/none/no one/ every 等表示三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上事物時(shí),用最高級(jí)。如： Do you like the smaller one?—Neither.(小一點(diǎn)的那個(gè)你喜歡嗎？一個(gè)都不喜歡)/ Which do you like best? –All of them!(你最喜歡哪個(gè)？全部。)n 七、介詞1. 介詞的主要用法：介詞是一種虛詞,不能獨(dú)立使用。介詞之后一般有名詞或代詞(賓格)或相當(dāng)于名詞的其他詞類(lèi)、短語(yǔ)或從句作它的賓語(yǔ),即構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ)。有些介詞是由兩個(gè)以上的詞構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)介詞,如：out of(從…中出來(lái)), because of(因?yàn)?, away from(距離…), on top of(在…頂上), ever since(自從…), next to(在…隔壁), according to(根據(jù)…)等。2. 介詞短語(yǔ)的句法作用：介詞短語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)形容詞或副詞,可用作狀語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)。如：The man came down the stairs.(狀)(那個(gè)人走下樓來(lái))/The woman with a flower on her head is from the countryside.(定)(頭上戴花的婦女來(lái)自鄉(xiāng)下)/The teacher is now with the pupils.(表)(老師現(xiàn)在和學(xué)生在一起)3. 介詞短語(yǔ)在句子中的位置：做狀語(yǔ)時(shí)可以放在句首或句尾；作表語(yǔ)時(shí)放在連系動(dòng)詞之后；作定語(yǔ)時(shí)只能放在被修飾的名詞之后。如：He wanted to find a good job in Shanghai the next year.(狀語(yǔ))(他想來(lái)年在上海找份好工作)/ They searched the room for the thief.(他們?cè)诜块g里搜索小偷) / The letters are for you.(表語(yǔ))(信是給你的)/ Have you seen a cat with a black head and four white legs?(定語(yǔ))(你看見(jiàn)一只黑頭白腿的貓了嗎？)4. 重要注釋?zhuān)?1) this / that / these / those / last / next / a / every / each等詞構(gòu)成的時(shí)間短語(yǔ),前面不用任何介詞。如：Every year travellers from abroad e to visit Pingyao.(每年都有國(guó)外的游客來(lái)游覽平窯鎮(zhèn))/ He had a bad cold that week.(那個(gè)星期他患重感冒)(2) for有時(shí)用來(lái)引出動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ),常翻譯成“對(duì)于…而言”。如：It’s too hard for me to finish the work in only one hour.(讓我在區(qū)區(qū)一個(gè)小時(shí)內(nèi)完成這項(xiàng)工作太難了)/ The house is big enough for 10 men to live in.(房子夠大的可以容10個(gè)人住)(3) of有時(shí)用來(lái)表示后面的人物正好是前面的表語(yǔ)的邏輯主語(yǔ)。如：It’s very nice/kind of you to do so.(你這么做真是太好了)(4) 介詞有時(shí)會(huì)與它的賓語(yǔ)分離,而且賓語(yǔ)前置。a) 當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)是疑問(wèn)詞時(shí)。Who are you talking about?(你們?cè)谡務(wù)撜l(shuí)？)b) 賓語(yǔ)在從句中當(dāng)連接詞時(shí)。He has a younger brother who he must take good care of.(他有 一個(gè)需要他照顧的小弟。) / Do you know who our teacher is talking with over there?(你知道我們的老師在那邊和什么人談話嗎？)c) 動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)且該動(dòng)詞為不及物動(dòng)詞,后面有介詞。I finally found a chair to sit on.5. 某些介詞的用法辨析：(1) in、on、at：表示時(shí)間時(shí), in表示在一段時(shí)間里(在將來(lái)時(shí)句子中則表示在一段時(shí)間之后), on表示在具體的某一天或者某天的上下午等, at表示在某個(gè)時(shí)刻或者瞬間； 表示地點(diǎn)時(shí), in表示在某個(gè)范圍之內(nèi), on表示在某個(gè)平面上或與一個(gè)面相接觸,at則表示在某個(gè)具體的場(chǎng)所或地點(diǎn)。如：He was born on the morning of May 10th./ I usually get up at 7：00 in the morning. / His glasses are right on his nose. / He is at the cinema at the moment.(2) after與in：“after+(具體時(shí)刻/從句)”表示“在…時(shí)刻之后”常用于一般時(shí)態(tài)；“in+(一段時(shí)間)”表示“在(多久)之后”,常用于將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)。如：He said that he would be here after 6：00. / My father is ing back from England in about a month. e的進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái)(3) since與for表示時(shí)間的用法區(qū)別：“since+(具體時(shí)刻/that從句)”表示“自從…起一直到現(xiàn)在”,“for +(一段時(shí)間)”表示“總共有…之久”,都常用于完成時(shí)態(tài)；如：Uncle Li has worked in this factory since 1970. / Uncle Li has worked in this factory for over 30 years. (4) by、in與with表示方式的用法區(qū)別： by主要表示“乘坐”某個(gè)交通工具或“以……方式”,在被動(dòng)句中可以表示動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者；in表示“使用”某種語(yǔ)言/文字,with表示“使用”某個(gè)