【正文】 5．先行詞被the only, the very修飾時(shí)6．句中已經(jīng)有who或which時(shí)，為了避免重復(fù)時(shí) told me everything that he knows. the books that you offered has been given out. is the best film that I have ever read. talked about the persons and things that we remembered. is the only man that I want to see. is the man that is making a speech?只用which, who, whom的情況1．在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人2．在由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。They won the game, as we had expected.They won the game, which we hadn’t expected.As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s.IV. 限制性定語(yǔ)從句與非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別：類別語(yǔ)法意義及特征例句限制性定語(yǔ)從句對(duì)先行詞起修飾限制作用，如果去掉，主句意思就不完整明確，這種從句與主句的關(guān)系十分密切，寫時(shí)不用逗號(hào)分開。狀語(yǔ)從句種類連接詞注意點(diǎn)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)when, whenever, while, as, before, after, until, till, by the time, as soon as, hardly…when, no sooner…than, the moment, the minute, immediately, directly, instantly主。從句和主句之間用逗號(hào)分開，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)插入語(yǔ)，不能用that引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系代詞做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)也不能省略。He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study.I like the person to whom the teacher is talking.Those who respect others are usually respected by others.III. as與which的區(qū)別：定語(yǔ)從句區(qū)別例句限制性定語(yǔ)從句中名詞前有such和the same修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用as,不能用whichHe is not such a fool as he looks.Don’t read such books as you can’t understand. 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中as和which都可以指代前面整個(gè)主句。被修飾的詞叫做先行詞，引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞，他的作用一是放在先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句中間起了連接作用，二是在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個(gè)成分，并與先行詞保持?jǐn)?shù)的一致。但是有形容詞的性質(zhì)，可以做表語(yǔ)，多表明主語(yǔ)的特征性質(zhì)或者狀態(tài)等，可被very, quite, rather等副詞修飾。動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成，多強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài)We found the village greatly changed.IV. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做定語(yǔ)的區(qū)別：區(qū)別舉例不定式與被修飾詞往往有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，一般式表示將來(lái)，進(jìn)行式表示與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，完成式表示在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前發(fā)生I have a lot of papers to type.I have a lot of papers to be typed.動(dòng)名詞通常指被修飾詞的用途，無(wú)邏輯上的任何關(guān)系Shall we go to the swimming pool?現(xiàn)在分詞與被修飾詞之間是主謂關(guān)系，表示動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生the boiling water / the boiled waterthe developing country/the developed countrythe falling leaves / the fallen leaves過(guò)去分詞與被修飾詞之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前，現(xiàn)已經(jīng)完成V. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)的區(qū)別：區(qū)別舉例不定式多表示一個(gè)特定的具體的將來(lái)的動(dòng)作，做主語(yǔ)時(shí)可以借助于it把不定式移到句子后面。其形式為：needn’t/daren’t do；Need/dare…do…?做實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)可用于肯定句，否定句和疑問(wèn)句。Be able to有更多的時(shí)態(tài)。He may not be at home. / They might have finished their task. 3. can和could“可能”，could表示可疑的可能性，不及can’t語(yǔ)氣強(qiáng)，用于肯定、否定、疑問(wèn)句中。must + do(be)是推測(cè)現(xiàn)在存在的一般狀態(tài)進(jìn)行；must + be doing 推測(cè)可能正在進(jìn)行的事情；must +have done是推測(cè)可能已經(jīng)發(fā)生過(guò)的事情。4. 一般將來(lái)時(shí)的表達(dá)方式：將來(lái)時(shí)用法例句1will/shall+動(dòng)詞原形表示將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)My sister will be ten next year.2be going to+動(dòng)詞原形含有“打算，計(jì)劃，即將”做某事，或表示很有可能要發(fā)生某事It’s going to clear up.We’re going to have a party tonight.3be + doing 進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái)go, e, start, move, leave, arrive等詞可用進(jìn)行時(shí)表示按計(jì)劃即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作He is moving to the south.Are they leaving for Europe? 4be about to + 動(dòng)詞原形表示安排或計(jì)劃中的馬上就要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，后面一般不跟時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)I was about to leave when the bell rang.The meeting is about to close.5be to + 動(dòng)詞原形表示按計(jì)劃進(jìn)行或征求對(duì)方意見We’re to meet at the school gate at noon.6一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)時(shí)刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)The meeting starts at five o’clock.The plane leaves at ten this evening.II. 動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成1一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)am/is/are asked6過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)was/were being asked2一般過(guò)去時(shí)was/were asked7現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have/has been asked3一般將來(lái)時(shí)shall/will be asked8過(guò)去完成時(shí)had been asked4過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)should/would be asked9將來(lái)完成時(shí)will/would have been asked5現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)am/is/are being asked10含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的can/must/may be asked注意事項(xiàng)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的否定式是在第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后加not，短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)態(tài)不可漏掉其中介副詞。如：I read the novel last month. (只說(shuō)明上個(gè)月看了，不涉及現(xiàn)在是否記住)I lived in Beijing for ten years.（只說(shuō)明在北京住過(guò)十年，與現(xiàn)在無(wú)關(guān)）3. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別：兩者都可以表示“從過(guò)去開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在”，在含義上如著重表示動(dòng)作的結(jié)果時(shí)，多用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，如著重表示動(dòng)作一直在進(jìn)行，即動(dòng)作的延續(xù)性時(shí)，則多用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。五．介詞：1簡(jiǎn)單介詞about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on2合成介詞inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, without3短語(yǔ)介詞according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to4雙重介詞from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between 5分詞轉(zhuǎn)化成的介詞considering(就而論), including6形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化成的介詞like, unlike, near, next, oppositeII. 常用介詞區(qū)別：1表示時(shí)間的in, on, atat表示片刻的時(shí)間，in表示一段的時(shí)間，on總是與日子有關(guān)2表示時(shí)間的since, fromsince 指從過(guò)去到現(xiàn)在的一段時(shí)間，和完成時(shí)連用，from指從時(shí)間的某一點(diǎn)開始3表示時(shí)間的in, afterin指在一段時(shí)間之后，after表示某一具體時(shí)間點(diǎn)之后或用在過(guò)去時(shí)的一段時(shí)間中4表示地理位置的in, on, toin表示在某范圍內(nèi)，on指與什么毗鄰，to指在某環(huán)境范圍之外5表示“在…上”的on, inon只表示在某物的表面上，in表示占去某物一部分6表示“穿過(guò)”的through, acrossthrough表示從內(nèi)部通過(guò)，與in有關(guān)，across表示在表面上通過(guò)，與on有關(guān)7表示“關(guān)于”的about, onabout指涉及到，on指專門論述8between與among的區(qū)別between表示在兩者之間，among用于三者或三者以上