【正文】 , they usually are grown in a batch culture (分批培養(yǎng)） or closed system. The growth of microorganisms reproducing by binary fission can be plotted as the logarithm of the number of viable cells versus the incubation time, and the resulting curve is called growth curve.The resulting curve has four distinct phases: lag phase, exponential phase, stationary phase and death phase.Measurement of Microbial Growth includes: (1) microbial numbers and (2) microbial masses.Methods for estimating microbial numbers fall into two main categories:(1) those that count total cell numbers。 英文概念：Transformation is the uptake by a cell of a naked DNA molecule or fragment from the medium.The transformation frequency of very petent cells is around 103 for most genera when an excess of DNA is used.Artificial transformation is carried out in the laboratory by a variety of techniques, including treatment of the cells with calcium chloride(氯化鈣)Transduction（轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)）：Transduction is the transfer of bacterial genes by viruses. Bacterial genes are incorporated into a phage capsid because of errors made during the virus life cycle. The virus containing these genes then injects them into another bacterium, pleting the transfer.There are two very different kinds of transduction: generalized transduction (普遍性轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)）and specialized transduction（特異性轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)）Generalized transduction occurs during the lytic cycle of virulent and temperate phages and can transfer any part of the bacterial genome. During the assembly stage, when the viral chromosomes are packaged into protein capsids, random fragments of the partially degraded bacterial chromosome also may be packaged by mistake （誤包）Transposition （轉(zhuǎn)座）：The chromosomes of bacteria, viruses, and eucaryotic cells contain pieces of DNA that move around the genome. Such movement is called transposition.Transposable elements （轉(zhuǎn)座因子）：DNA segments that carry the genes required for this process and consequently move about chromosomes are transposable elements.轉(zhuǎn)座子的類型及轉(zhuǎn)座的遺傳效應(yīng)。拮抗：一種微生物通過產(chǎn)生特殊代謝產(chǎn)物或改變環(huán)境條件來抑制或殺死另一種微生物的現(xiàn)象。根圈微生物對植物生長的影響：（一）根圈微生物對植物生長的有益影響A, 改善植物營養(yǎng)；B, 根圈微生物分泌的維生素、氨基酸、生長刺激素等生長調(diào)節(jié)物質(zhì)能促進植物的生長；C, 根圈微生物分泌的抗菌素類物質(zhì)，有利于作物避免土著性病原菌的侵染；D, 產(chǎn)生鐵載體，競爭鐵素，抑制有害微生物生長繁殖。The function of immune include: (免疫功能具體包括) （1）免疫防御（immunologic defence)。 中樞免疫器官（central immune organ）：免疫細胞發(fā)生、分化和成熟的場所。 體液免疫：機體受抗原刺激后，來源于骨髓的一類小淋巴細胞（B細胞）進行增殖并分化為漿細胞，由它合成抗體兵釋放到體液中以發(fā)揮其免疫作用。近對稱軸的一對較長的肽鏈稱為重鏈（H鏈），外側(cè)一對較短的肽鏈稱為輕鏈（L鏈）。167。微生物農(nóng)藥，是利用微生物及其代謝產(chǎn)物來防治植物病蟲害的一種制劑，它是通過篩選植物病原體的拮抗微生物，用人工方法培養(yǎng)、收集、提取而制成的對人畜安全無毒、選擇性強、不傷害天敵、不污染環(huán)境的微生物制劑。167。The field of microbiology application: 167。 Antibody（抗體）：An antibody is glycoprotein that is made in response to an antigen, and can recognize and bind to the antigen that caused its production. 1962年Edelman G提出了Ig（免疫球蛋白）的Y型四鏈結(jié)構(gòu)。根據(jù)參與的免疫活性細胞的種類和功能的不同，免疫應(yīng)答又可分為：細胞免疫和體液免疫兩類。 干擾素（interferons, IFNs)：干擾素是高等動物細胞在病毒或dsRNA等誘生劑的刺激下，所產(chǎn)生的一種具有高活性、廣譜抗病毒等功能的特異性糖蛋白。 外毒素（exotoxin): An exotoxin is a toxin excreted by a microorganism, including bacteria, fungi, algae, and protozoa. An exotoxin can cause damage to the host by destroying cells or disrupting normal cellular metabolism.類毒素（toxoid)：%%甲醛溶液對外毒素進行脫毒處理，可以獲得失去毒性但仍然保留其原有免疫原性的生物制品，稱之為類毒素.抗毒素：將類毒素注射機體后，可使機體產(chǎn)生對相應(yīng)外毒素具有免疫性的抗體，稱之為~ 內(nèi)毒素（endotoxin): 是革蘭氏陰性菌細胞壁外層的組分之一，其化學(xué)成分是脂多糖，因其在活細胞中不分泌到體外，僅在細菌死亡后自溶或人工裂解時才釋放，故稱之為內(nèi)毒素。根圈效應(yīng)（rhizosphere effect）: 同根圈外土壤中的微生物群落相比，生活在植物根圈中的微生物，在數(shù)量、種類和活性方面都有明顯不同，表現(xiàn)出一定特異性，這種現(xiàn)象稱為根圈效應(yīng)。Commensalism（共生）： [Latin , together, and mensa, table] is a relationship in which one symbiont, the mensal, benefits while the other (sometimes called the host) is neither harmed nor helped. This is a unidirectional process.微生物之間的對抗：競爭(petition)、拮抗(antagonism)、寄生(parasitism)和捕食（predation）。許多化學(xué)物質(zhì)能抑制或殺死微生物，根據(jù)其效應(yīng)可以分為：滅菌（sterilization）、消毒（disinfection）和防腐（antisepsis）.滅菌：利用物理或化學(xué)方法殺死所有微生物及其芽孢、孢子的措施； 消毒：指殺死所有病原微生物； 防腐：是指防止或抑制微生物的生長繁殖。比較這四種營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)運輸方式的異同；Synthetic medium （合成培養(yǎng)基）：Such a medium in which all ponents are known is a defined medium or synthetic medium.Complex media ：Media that contain some ingredients of unknown chemical position are plex media.Agar（瓊脂） is well suited as a solidifying agent because after it has been melted in boiling water, it can be cooled to about 40 to 42176。4, Assembly。 Haustorium（吸器） Life cycle of fungi:In general, the life cycle involves the fusion of hyphae from two individuals, forming a mycelium that contains haploid nuclei of both i