【正文】 s inoculated into a healthy host, the same disease condition must result.4, The same microorganism must be reisolated from the experimentally infected host.Chapter oneFungi include yeasts, molds, and mushrooms.Viruses are noncellular organisms。 they are intracellular parasites of animals, plants, or bacteria. 1, The Prokaryotes can be divided into two kingdoms, Bacteria and Archaea. The classification was first proposed by Woese based on the differences in 16S rRNA sequence.2, Prokaryotic microorganism（原核微生物）: It is an singlecelled organism which doesn’t have a nuclear membrane outside the cell nucleus and only has the bare DNA called as the nuclear area.3, Many bacteria are shaped like long rods twisted into spirals or helices。 grampositive bacteria retain the crystal violet, whereas gramnegative bacteria lose their crystal violet and bee colorless. Finally, the smear is counterstained with a simple, basic dye different in color from crystal violet. Safranin, the most mon counterstain, colors gramnegative bacteria pink to red and leaves grampositive bacteria dark purple. 6, The Mechanism of Gram Staining （革蘭氏染色的機(jī)制）Although several explanations have been given for the Gramstain reaction results, it seems likely that the difference between grampositive and gramnegative bacteria is due to the physical nature of their cell walls. If the cell wall is removed from grampositive bacteria, they bee gram negative. The peptidoglycan itself is not stained。具體而言：通過(guò)初染和媒染后，在細(xì)胞膜內(nèi)形成了不溶于水的結(jié)晶與碘的復(fù)合物。再經(jīng)番紅等紅色染料復(fù)染時(shí)，就使G菌呈現(xiàn)紅色，而G+菌仍保留紫色或紫紅色。試述革蘭氏陽(yáng)性菌和革蘭氏陰性菌肽聚糖單體的異同點(diǎn)。Endospore(芽孢)：某些細(xì)菌在其生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育后期，在細(xì)胞內(nèi)形成一個(gè)圓形或橢圓形、厚壁、含水量極低、抗逆性極強(qiáng)的休眠體，稱(chēng)為芽孢。 革蘭氏陰性菌（G）基體由L、P、S、M四個(gè)環(huán)構(gòu)成。The systemic taxa of mocroorganisms follow the systemic taxa built by Linnaeus，including seven grades from top to bottom: Kingdom224。 Class224。Family224。Species All species names of cellular microorganisms obey the Latin binominal nomenclature built by Linnaeus without exception.Mycoplasma (支原體)are the procaryotic organism between bacteria (細(xì)菌) and rickettsia (立克次氏體).Chlamydia (衣原體)are a genus of minitype Gramnegative prokaryotic organism which obligate parasitize in eukaryotic cells.Spirochaeta are a group of Gramnegative unicellular prokaryotic organism whose configuration and kinesiology are particular.Substrate mycelium Aerial hyphae Sporular hyphaMajor Characteristics Used in Taxonomy：? 1，Classical Characteristics? Morphological Characteristics? Physiological and Metabolic Characteristics? Ecological Characteristics? Genetic Analysis? 2, Molecular Characteristics? Comparison of Proteins? Nucleic Acid Base Composition? Nucleic Acid Hybridization? Nucleic Acid Sequencing (16S rRNA sequencing)Bacterial colony (菌落): A bacterial colony is defined as a visible cluster of organisms growing on the surface of or within a solid medium, theoretically cultured from a single cell.Bacterial lawn (菌苔): Bacterial lawn is a used by biologists to describe the appearance of bacterial colonies when all the individual colonies on a petridish merge together to form a a field or mat of bacteria.Eukaryotic cellEukaryotic microorganisms（真核微生物概念）： The eukaryotic microorganisms is not a natural monophyletic taxon. They have the nuclear membrane coating a cell nucleus, carry out mitosis, and have mitochondria in the cytoplasm. Eukaryotic microorganisms include : fungi, microalgae and protozoa.Fungi differ from plants in two quite fundamental respects: 223。223。 ② Having no chloroplast and photosynthesis。④Typically forming asexual and sexual reproductive spores。⑥ Heterotrophy by absorption。 (1) Chytridiomycota（壺菌亞門(mén)，低等真菌） (3) Asycota （子囊菌亞門(mén)，高等真菌） (5) Deuteromycota（半知菌亞門(mén)，高等真菌）真菌的分類(lèi)（Ainsworth分類(lèi)系統(tǒng)）依據(jù): 橫隔有無(wú)，無(wú)性孢子，有性孢子，典型的代表微生物種類(lèi)，自己列表。rhizoid(假根)。 enveloped virus (nucleic acid, capsid and envelope).Viral capsids have three different forms: helical symmetry, icosahedral symmetry and plex symmetry.噬菌體（phage)：侵染細(xì)菌的微生物病毒。病毒可在短時(shí)間內(nèi)能連續(xù)完成吸附、侵入、增殖（復(fù)制與生物合成）、成熟（裝配）和裂解（釋放）5個(gè)階段而實(shí)現(xiàn)其繁殖。 在溶源細(xì)胞內(nèi)的噬菌體核酸稱(chēng)為原噬菌體（或前噬菌體）.Replication cycles of virulent phage(毒性噬菌體的生活周期): 1, Adsorption (attachment)。3, Replication。5, Release. onestep growth curve（一步生長(zhǎng)曲線）：定量描述毒性噬菌體生長(zhǎng)規(guī)律的實(shí)驗(yàn)曲線，該曲線反映3個(gè)重要的特性參數(shù)，即潛伏期、裂解期、裂解量.一步生長(zhǎng)曲線可分為三個(gè)時(shí)期：①潛伏期是指菌體的核酸侵入宿主細(xì)胞后至第一個(gè)噬菌體粒子裝配前的一段時(shí)間。Burst phase：During this period, the number of virion increase