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電大心理學(xué)期末復(fù)習(xí)重點(diǎn)資料考試小抄電大本科必備知識(shí)小抄(存儲(chǔ)版)

  

【正文】 在問(wèn)題情境中,人們習(xí)慣性地賦予某物固定的功能,而忽略該物體的其他功能,導(dǎo)致無(wú)法解決問(wèn)題的心理傾向。在激情狀態(tài)下,人的外部行為表現(xiàn)比較明顯,不容易控制。這種理論特別重視滿(mǎn)足職工及安全的需要,同時(shí)很重視懲罰,認(rèn)為懲罰是最有效的管理工具。能力尤其是智力,具有遺傳性,父母智力水平高,其 孩子很可能智力會(huì)相對(duì)較高。可見(jiàn),發(fā)展能力要重視早期環(huán)境的作用。( 3)自身努力。簡(jiǎn)言之,人格是在遺傳與環(huán)境交互作用下逐漸形成的。放縱型教養(yǎng)方式下成長(zhǎng)的孩子,多表現(xiàn)為任性、幼稚、自私、野蠻、無(wú)禮、獨(dú)立性差、唯我獨(dú)尊、蠻橫胡鬧等。同伴群體對(duì)學(xué)生人格也具有巨大影響。在人格的培育過(guò)程中,各個(gè)因素對(duì)人格的形成與發(fā)展起到了不同的作用。 從青春期到成年是自我意識(shí)走向成熟,形成心理自我的階段。 延伸自我:延伸自我是指一個(gè)健康的人應(yīng)該具有博愛(ài)之心,要做到關(guān)心他人,關(guān)注社會(huì),加強(qiáng)與他人交流,接近他人,走入社會(huì)。 2021 年 3 月,日本大地震之后,中國(guó)很多地方發(fā)生搶購(gòu)食鹽現(xiàn)象,這便是從眾行為。遵守規(guī)范,才會(huì)被人接納,被人喜愛(ài)。s time for the wild fruits to ripe. The picturesque Arxan in Autumn is indeed a fairyland only exists in a dream that satisfies all your fantasies. If it rains heavily on Saturday night, some elderly Chinese will say it is because Zhinu, or the Weaving Maid, is crying on the day she met her husband Niulang, or the Cowherd, on the Milky Way. Most Chinese remember being told this romantic tragedy when they were children on Qixi, or the Seventh Night Festival, which falls on the seventh day of the seventh lunar month, which is usually in early August. This year it falls on Saturday, August 2. Folklore Story As the story goes, once there was a cowherd, Niulang, who lived with his elder brother and sisterinlaw. But she disliked and abused him, and the boy was forced to leave home with only an old cow for pany. The cow, however, was a former god who had violated imperial rules and was sent to earth in bovine form. One day the cow led Niulang to a lake where fairies took a bath on earth. Among them was Zhinu, the most beautiful fairy and a skilled seamstress. The two fell in love at first sight and were soon married. They had a son and daughter and their happy life was held up as an example for hundreds of years in China. Yet in the eyes of the Jade Emperor, the Supreme Deity in Taoism, marriage between a mortal and fairy was strictly forbidden. He ordered the heaven troop to catch Zhinu back. Niulang grew desperate when he discovered Zhinu had been taken back to heaven. Driven by Niulang39。 ll wait in the line for one hour to get a ticket, and another two hours at the site, to only see a tiny bit of the place due to the crowds. Last year, 428 million tourists traveled in China over the weeklong holiday in October. Traveling during this period is a matter that needs thorough preparation. If you are short on time to plan the uping Golden Week it may not be a bad idea to avoid some of the most crowded places for now. There is always a place so fascinating that everyone yearns for. Arxan is a place like this. The beauty of Arxan is everlasting regardless of the changing of four seasons. Bestowed by nature, its spectacular seasonal landscape and mountains are just beyond word. Arxan is a crucial destination for the remended travelling route, China Inner Mongolia Arxan — Hailar — Manzhouli. It is also the joint of the four prairies across the SinoMongolian border, where people gravitate towards the exotic atmosphere mixed with Chinese, Russian, and Mongolia elements. As a historic site for the Yitian Battle, Arxan still embodies the spirit of Genghis Khan. Walking into Arxan, you will be amazed by a kaleidoscope of geous colors all the year round the Spring azaleas blooming red in the snow, the Summer sea wavering blue in the breeze, the Autumn leaves painted in yellow covering volcanic traces, and the Winter woods shining white on the vast alpine snowscape. Hinggan League Arxan city is situated in the far eastern area of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Its full name Haren Arxan means hot holy water in the Mongolian language. Arxan is a tourism city in the northern frontier with a blend of large forest, grand prairies, vast snowfield, heaven lake cluster, thermium, as well as volcanic cluster. It is a rare and unique ecotourism base filled with healthy sunshine, clean air and unspoiled green. Nestled close to the country39。二是自己獨(dú)立判斷的信心。人們的順從并不意味著認(rèn)為自己本來(lái)的意見(jiàn)是錯(cuò)誤的,而大多數(shù)人是對(duì)的。 悅納自我。 從三歲到青春期以前,自我意識(shí)主要是指社會(huì)自我。生態(tài)環(huán)境、氣候條件、空間擁擠程度等物理因素都會(huì)影響人格。 ( 4)學(xué)校教育因素。社會(huì)遺傳因素主要表現(xiàn)為家庭對(duì)子女的教育作用,父母按照自己的意愿和方式教育孩子,使他們逐漸形成了某些人格特征。先天和后天的因素往往交織在一起,共同影響個(gè)體能力的發(fā)展過(guò)程和水平差異。學(xué)校教育是有計(jì)劃、有組織、有目的地對(duì)學(xué)生 9 施加影響,因此,不但可以使學(xué)生掌握知識(shí)和技能,而且在學(xué)習(xí)和訓(xùn)練的同時(shí)促進(jìn)了其能力的發(fā)展。美國(guó)著名的心理學(xué)家布盧姆對(duì)近千人進(jìn)行追蹤研究后,提出這樣的假說(shuō),即五歲前是兒 童智力發(fā)展最為迅速的時(shí)期。激勵(lì)員工的工作動(dòng)機(jī)不能單靠物質(zhì)手段,應(yīng)當(dāng)物質(zhì)與精神手段相結(jié)合,懲罰與獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)相結(jié)合,既要改善企業(yè)政策、行政管理、工資發(fā)放、勞動(dòng)保護(hù)、工作監(jiān)督、人事關(guān)系等保健因素,又要改善工作表現(xiàn)機(jī)會(huì)、工作本身樂(lè)趣、工作成就感、對(duì)未來(lái)發(fā)展的期望、職務(wù)上的責(zé)任感等激勵(lì)因素。( 9 分) 答:工作動(dòng)機(jī)理論主要有 X 理論、 Y理論和雙因素理論。心境是一種具 有感染性的、比較平衡而持久的情緒狀態(tài)。但問(wèn)題情境的變化,定勢(shì)也會(huì)妨礙問(wèn)題的解決。 3.結(jié)合實(shí)例闡述問(wèn)題解決的一般思維過(guò)程以及影響問(wèn)題解決的因素。假設(shè)我們想讓學(xué)生寫(xiě)一段含 8 有一個(gè)主題句和一句總結(jié)的英文段落,那么,這一任務(wù)包括許多部分:能識(shí)別并能寫(xiě)出主題句、佐證材料和總括句;能寫(xiě)出一個(gè)完整的句子;能正確使用大小寫(xiě)、標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)和語(yǔ)法;能正確拼寫(xiě)。這樣,任何作為強(qiáng)化的結(jié)果而習(xí)得的行為,都可以被看作是操作性條件反射的例子。今 后學(xué)生再不需要老師的提醒,只需要鈴聲或音樂(lè)為號(hào),就能知道什么時(shí)候上課什么時(shí)候下課。其中有兩種條件作用最具代表性:經(jīng)典性條件作用和操作性條件作用。開(kāi)始復(fù)習(xí)的時(shí)間,間隔條短,以后可以 長(zhǎng)一些。( 3)知覺(jué)的理解性。 答:知覺(jué)是一個(gè)有組織、有規(guī)律的過(guò)程,有兩個(gè)重要的心理物理:知覺(jué)的組織性和恒常性。弗洛伊德最突出的貢獻(xiàn)是提出了潛意識(shí)的概念,用潛意識(shí)、本能來(lái)解釋人行為的內(nèi)在動(dòng)力,并將人格結(jié)構(gòu)分為本我、自我和超我;他認(rèn)為夢(mèng)是潛意識(shí)活動(dòng)的表現(xiàn);提出處于潛意識(shí)水平的個(gè)人心理沖突,是發(fā)生心理障礙的原因,過(guò)分強(qiáng)調(diào)人的性本能在潛意識(shí)中的作用,認(rèn)為人在性方面的壓抑是多種心理障礙產(chǎn)生的原因。格式塔心理學(xué)又稱(chēng)完形心理學(xué),主要代表人物是魏特墨、考夫卡和苛勒。意識(shí)分為感覺(jué)、意象和情感三個(gè)基本元素,所有復(fù)雜的心理活動(dòng)都這三種元素構(gòu)成。同伴關(guān)系是兒童獲得間接經(jīng)驗(yàn)的重要途徑,為兒童提供了大量的知識(shí)。也就是說(shuō)嬰兒僅靠感覺(jué)和知覺(jué)動(dòng)作的手段來(lái)適應(yīng)外部環(huán)境。理論指出,他人在場(chǎng)能夠增加個(gè)體的喚起水平,而喚起能夠增強(qiáng)個(gè)體做出“優(yōu)勢(shì)反應(yīng)”的可能性。 社會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)理論認(rèn)為侵犯行為是通過(guò)后天習(xí)得的。人們總是傾向于將肯定的結(jié)果歸因于內(nèi)部,而將否定的結(jié)果歸因于外部,這被稱(chēng)為自我服務(wù)偏見(jiàn)。 3.簡(jiǎn)述歸因偏差和種類(lèi)。這三個(gè)方面構(gòu)成一個(gè)歸因框架,因此稱(chēng)之為三度理論。代表人物是海德。庫(kù)利指出別人的態(tài)度就如同是反射自己人格的一面鏡子,通過(guò)這面鏡子能了解自己。是將被試放在類(lèi)似或模擬“真實(shí)”的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)情境中,通過(guò)觀察被試的實(shí)際表現(xiàn)以推測(cè)其能力、品行或人格的方法。( 2)投射法。( 3)人格維度說(shuō)。奧爾波特把特質(zhì)分為共性和個(gè)性?xún)深?lèi)。 答:人格是個(gè)體對(duì)人、對(duì)己、對(duì)事反應(yīng)時(shí)所顯示出的特有模式,這個(gè)模式構(gòu)成一個(gè)人思想、情感和行為的穩(wěn)定而統(tǒng)一的心理品質(zhì)。即在智力發(fā)展水平上,不同的個(gè)體所達(dá)到的最高水 5 平并不相同。每種智力都是一個(gè)單獨(dú)的功能系統(tǒng),這些系統(tǒng)可以相互作用,產(chǎn)生外顯的智力行為。 4.簡(jiǎn)述有關(guān)能力或智力的主要理論(代表人物和主要觀點(diǎn))。自我實(shí)現(xiàn)的需要是最高層次的需要,是指人有發(fā)揮自己能力與實(shí)現(xiàn)自身理想和價(jià)值的需要。情緒過(guò)程的發(fā)生方式不具有或很少具有隨意性。該理論認(rèn)為有機(jī)體的生理變化和情緒體驗(yàn)是同時(shí)發(fā)生的,情緒是大腦皮質(zhì)和植物性神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)共同激活的結(jié)果。為了增強(qiáng)決策的科學(xué)性,對(duì)問(wèn)題情境的表
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