【正文】
ues首先報(bào)告IJV,第四十七頁(yè),共九十四頁(yè)。,監(jiān)測(cè)(jiān c232。)起搏器電極 b 急救用藥,第五十頁(yè),共九十四頁(yè)。ngm224。)細(xì)菌過(guò)濾器,濾孔0.45um b.導(dǎo)管留置時(shí)間不宜過(guò)長(zhǎng),2~4W 154day c.穿刺點(diǎn)每日用碘酒,酒精涂敷局部,更換 敷料 d.保持局部周?chē)蓛?,尤其股靜脈置管者 e.增強(qiáng)全身機(jī)體抵抗力,第五十三頁(yè),共九十四頁(yè)。)是氣胸 3)特別適用于頸動(dòng)脈手術(shù); 4)由于置管后位置易固定、病人耐受性好,也適宜于長(zhǎng)期留管或用于大靜脈營(yíng)養(yǎng)。,第五十六頁(yè),共九十四頁(yè)。,穿刺方法 一、鎖骨下徑路 △體位:上肢垂于體側(cè)并略外展,頭低足高15176。,△穿刺: 先用0.5%利多卡因作穿刺點(diǎn)局麻 右手持連結(jié)注射器之穿刺針,保持針尖向內(nèi)偏向頭端直指鎖骨胸骨端的后上緣前進(jìn)。ng)位 2.貼近鎖骨后緣 原因:胸膜壁層可超過(guò)第一肋2.5cm,第六十一頁(yè),共九十四頁(yè)。,第六十三頁(yè),共九十四頁(yè)。角 在冠狀面針干呈水平或略前偏15176。i)穿刺置管術(shù),第六十六頁(yè),共九十四頁(yè)。由于此處股動(dòng)脈搏動(dòng)容易觸及,定位標(biāo)志明確,與之伴行的股靜脈直徑較粗大,因此行股靜脈穿刺容易成功。,第七十頁(yè),共九十四頁(yè)。,第七十四頁(yè),共九十四頁(yè)。,第七十八頁(yè),共九十四頁(yè)。)的各種情況 PAWP>LVEDP PAWP<LVEDP 1.正壓通氣 1.主動(dòng)脈瓣返流 2.PEEP 2.左心室順應(yīng)性降低 3.胸內(nèi)壓↑ 3.肺動(dòng)脈分支減少 4.PAC不在肺III區(qū) (全肺切除術(shù)、肺栓塞 ) 5.慢性阻塞性肺疾患 6.心動(dòng)過(guò)速 7.肺血管阻力↑ 8.二尖瓣阻塞(狹窄) 9.肺靜脈受壓(腫瘤) 10.二尖瓣返流 11.心內(nèi)左向右分流,第八十一頁(yè),共九十四頁(yè)。,第八十五頁(yè),共九十四頁(yè)。ch233。)過(guò)程中 肺動(dòng)脈破裂、肺出血 氣囊破裂 感染 血栓形成和栓塞:血栓性靜脈炎,靜脈 栓塞,心內(nèi)膜血栓形成,瓣膜贅生物等 肺梗死,第八十八頁(yè),共九十四頁(yè)。,Table 7 PRACTICE GUIDELINES FOR PULMONARY CATHETER USE ( ASA TASK FORCE ON PULMONARY ARTERY CATHETERIZATION ) Opinions PA catheter monitoring can reduce the incidence of perioperative complications,primarily by providing immediate access to critical hemodynamic data Having immediate access to PA catheter data allows important preemptive measures for that subset of patients who encounter hemodynamic disturbances that require immediate and precise decisions about fluid management and drug treatment. Experience and understanding are the major determinants of PA catheter effectiveness PA catheterization is inappropriate as a routine practice in surgical patients and should be limited to cases in which the anticipated benefits of catheterization outweight the potential risks.,第九十頁(yè),共九十四頁(yè)。 xie)!,第九十三頁(yè),共九十四頁(yè)。利用其測(cè)定各種生理學(xué)參數(shù),同時(shí)也可為各種治療提供直接便利路途(l249。下段位于SCM胸骨頭與鎖骨頭之間的三角間。針尖指向同側(cè)乳頭,SCM中段后面進(jìn)入IJ