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tself . These include physiological ,psychological , and behavioral symptoms. ? Most of the early discussions of stress focused heavily on healthrelated , or physiological concerns. This was attributed to the fact that high stress levels result in changes in metabolism , increased heart and breathing rates , increased blood pressure , headaches , and increased risk of heart attacks . Because detecting many of these requires the skills of trained medical personnel , their immediate and direct relevance to managers is negligible. ? Of greater importance to managers are psychological and behavioral symptoms of stress. It39。第八章 組織變革與組織文化 一、組織變革 二、組織文化 ? 一、組織變革 ? 組織變革就是組織根據(jù)內(nèi)外環(huán)境的變化,及時(shí)對(duì)組織中的要素進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)性變革,以適應(yīng)未來組織發(fā)展的要求。anization structure。s site to educate these workers about the dangers of alcohol and to help them overe their addiction. The rationale for these programs,which still holds today ,is getting a productive employee back on the job as swiftly as possible. And there can be a benefit to the anization in terms of a return on investment. It is estimated that US conpanies spend almost $ 1 billion each year on EAP programs. For most ,studies suggest that these panies save up to $ to $ 16 for every EAP dollar spent. That ,for most of us,is a significant return on investment! ? In order to EAP,many anizations are implementing wellness programs. ? Wellness programs: ? Programs offered by anizations to help their employees prevent health problems. ? A wellness program is designed to keep employees cessation, weight control, stress management,physica fitness,nutrition education, highbloodpressure control, violence protection, work team problem intervention, and so on. Wellness programs are designed to help cut employer health costs, and to lower absenteeism and turnover by preventing healthrelated problems. ? 二、組織文化 ? (一)組織文化的概念 ? 組織文化:組織在長(zhǎng)期的實(shí)踐活動(dòng)中所形成的并且為組織成員普遍認(rèn)可和遵循的具有本組織特色的價(jià)值觀念、團(tuán)體意識(shí)、工作作風(fēng)、行為規(guī)范和思維方式的