【正文】
依賴的機制尚未完全明了。使用α2受體激動劑clonidine可緩解morphine的許多withdrawal syndrome,但不能消除成癮者對morphine的渴求心理。zhōng)中腦腹側(cè)被蓋區(qū)(VTA)及伏核區(qū)(Nac)是成癮性藥物引起獎賞效應(yīng)的最后通路。ow249。主要采用以下兩種方法:,第四十九頁,共六十頁。用維持時間長、成癮性較低的阿片μ受體激動藥來部分滿足吸毒者的要求,然后將藥量逐漸(zhn)消失,在兩周內(nèi)可達到平穩(wěn)脫毒的目的。其中clonidine為腎上腺素ā2 受體激動藥。但僅僅是對輕癥患者,對重癥患者療效(li225。,2.梯度戒毒(ji232。 這種方案在理論上是成立的,但臨床療效尚待進一步驗證。ch,脫毒后口服(kǒuf但事實上真正接受并能堅持長期服用者很少,這與本人的素質(zhì)、有無斷癮愿望和家屬能否監(jiān)督用藥有密切關(guān)系。不論是短期脫毒,還是1?3年的康復(fù),最終戒毒者都要回歸社會,這是戒毒能否成功的最后也是最關(guān)鍵的階段。在這一階段常由心理醫(yī)生對其進行相當長期、耐心的心理行為矯正,要求患者脫離吸毒環(huán)境。 they have many physiological functions, including analgesic activity. Analgesic drugs include: -opioid receptor agonists (e. g. morphine, pethidine and fentanyl) -opioid receptor partial agonists (e. g. pentazocine and nalbuphine) -other analgesics (e. g. tramadol and rotundine) Opioid antagonists have no effect when administered alone. Given after a dose of an agonist, they promptly reverse all of the actions of the agonist.,第五十七頁,共六十頁。ngto)環(huán)境!,第五十九頁,共六十頁。消化道 有止瀉和致便秘的作用。)前給藥及復(fù)合麻醉(m225??梢园l(fā)生或不發(fā)生耐受性。,。zu236。)。麻醉(m225。ir243。,第五十八頁,共六十頁。 2.Morphine的不良反應(yīng)有哪些?簡述 morphine中毒后的搶救措施。,Key Concepts: Narcotics (or opiates) are drugs that act on specific receptors in the CNS to reduce perception of pain. Opioids exert their therapeutic effects by mimicking the action of endogenous opioid peptides at opioid receptors, and designated ?, ?, ?. Most of the actions of the opioids are mediated by the ? receptor. Some actions are mediated through the ? and ? receptors. Morphine acts on both local neurons and intrinsic painmodulating circuitry, which leads to analgesia, other therapeutic effects and certain undesirable side effects.,第五十六頁,共六十頁。n qu225。,第五十四頁,共六十頁。這樣可以逐步消除“渴求”行為,使再吸食毒品的患者不再引起欣快感,以致不再尋求吸毒。 目前國外普遍采用methadone、長效制劑?乙酰美沙酮等長期維持給藥(一般為免費提供),經(jīng)多年的實踐證明其療效確定,可有效消除毒品成癮患者對毒品的渴求。,(二)戒毒第二步:康復(fù)治療 康復(fù)是戒毒的第二步。)方案,前2?3天給阿片(āpi224