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a pensation mittee posed entirely of independent directors. ? that director’s fees are the only pensation an audit mittee member may receive from the pany. ? Increase the authority and responsibilities of the audit mittee, including granting it the sole authority to hire and fire independent auditors, and to approve any significant nonaudit relationship with the independent auditors. ? To increase shareholder control over equitypensation plans, shareholders must be given the opportunity to vote on all equitypensation plans, except inducement options, plans relating to mergers or acquisitions, and tax qualified and excess benefit plans. ? Listed panies must adopt and disclose corporate governance guidelines. ? Listed panies must adopt and disclose a code of business conduct and ethics for directors, officers and employees, and promptly disclose any waivers of the code for directors or executive officers. ? Listed foreign private issuers must disclose any significant ways in which their corporate governance practices differ from those followed by domestic panies under NYSE listing standards. ? Each listed pany CEO must certify to the NYSE each year that he or she is not aware of any violation by the pany of NYSE corporate governance listing standards. ? The NYSE may issue a public reprimand letter to any listed pany that violates an NYSE listing standard. GE 與 Jack Welch ? 1960年博士畢業(yè)加入 GE; ? 1979年被指定為接班人; ? 1981年成為“雙肩挑”干部; – 執(zhí)掌 GE約 20年; – 在公司內(nèi)擁有至高無(wú)上的權(quán)力; ? Welch被譽(yù)為 20世紀(jì)后 50年最偉大的企業(yè)家; – GE當(dāng)然也是最偉大的企業(yè); GE 與 Jack Welch ? 看起來(lái), GE有一套很好的公司治理; ? 這套治理能發(fā)揮什么作用? ? Jack Welch本人能夠被約束嗎? ? 晚年離婚官司引出的麻煩: – GE提供了常人無(wú)法想象的福利; – GE還為其在紐約曼哈頓租房; – GE還為其提供公司飛機(jī); – 為 GE工作一天的報(bào)酬:?美元 輝瑞制藥:公司治理就是好? ? A. Levitt推薦:一個(gè)好的董事會(huì) – 1992年,第一個(gè)任命負(fù)責(zé)公司治理的副總裁; – 設(shè)立公司治理委員會(huì); – 在 Proxy statement中列舉公司治理原則; – Proxy statement: written in clear, basic English。其最終成果就是上述的報(bào)告。 ? HP:美國(guó)硅谷文化的象征; – 早期以工具制造起家: ?分離出來(lái)的 Agilent:惠普早期的核心資產(chǎn); – 曾經(jīng)成功轉(zhuǎn)型做計(jì)算機(jī); – 但在 20世紀(jì) 90年代初、中,持續(xù)疲軟; ? 通過(guò) Christian Timbers 找到 Fiorina; – 其中的一些趣事; 內(nèi)部的激勵(lì)與約束 ? Carly Fiorina:上任之初,謙遜平和; – 搞定 Richard Hackborn; ? 一旦穩(wěn)定,立即“大刀闊斧”? ? 希望給外界帶來(lái)一些新概念; – 與康柏合并:就是這樣一種背景下的產(chǎn)物; ? 董事會(huì):為什么不能約束 Carly? – 董事會(huì)的召開(kāi)方式! – Walter Hewlett的努力! 外部的激勵(lì)與約束 ? 外部環(huán)境的激勵(lì)、約束:企業(yè)免費(fèi)的治理機(jī)制; – 內(nèi)部的治理機(jī)制:都要花錢(qián); – 外部的治理環(huán)境:股東不需要買(mǎi)單; ?這也就是經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)所說(shuō)的外部性問(wèn)題; – 孟母“折鄰而居”也是要一些成本; – 哪些外部環(huán)境會(huì)對(duì)構(gòu)成治理效用? ?如果從“南半球蝴蝶煽動(dòng)翅膀”角度推測(cè),無(wú)窮! ?只能列舉,不能窮盡; 外部的激勵(lì)與約束 ? 市場(chǎng)與競(jìng)爭(zhēng):應(yīng)當(dāng)是最好的外部因素;