【正文】 self has vague goals or methods, consideration bees less important, while initiating structure takes on additional importance. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 9 / Slide 16 Initiating Structure ? The degree to which a leader concentrates on group goal attainment. ? The structuring leader clearly defines and anizes his or her role and the roles of followers, stresses standard procedures, schedules the work to be done, and assigns employees to particular tasks. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 9 / Slide 12 Limitations of the Trait Approach ? It is difficult to determine whether traits make the leader or whether the opportunity for leadership produces the traits. ? Does not tell us what leaders do to influence others successfully. ? It does not take into account the situation in which leadership occurs. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 9 / Slide 8 Are Leaders Born? The Search for Leadership Traits ? The assumption that those who bee leaders and do a good job of it possess a special set of traits that distinguish them from others. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 9 / Slide 4 Learning Objectives 7. Discuss the merits of transactional and transformational leadership. 8. Define and discuss ethical and authentic leadership. 9. Explain the role that culture plays in leadership effectiveness and describe global leadership. gender differences in leadership and explain why women are underrepresented in leadership roles in anizations. Copyright 169。Chapter 9 / Slide 1 Chapter 9 Leadership Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 9 / Slide 5 What Is Leadership? ? The influence that particular individuals exert on the goal achievement of others in an anizational context. ? Effective leadership exerts influence in a way that achieves anizational goals. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 9 / Slide 9 Research on Leadership Traits ? The search for leadership traits began during World War I. ? Traits are individual characteristics such as physical attributes, intellectual ability, and personality. ? Some traits are associated with leadership. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 9 / Slide 13 Limitations of the Trait Approach (continued) ? Some traits are associated with leadership success. ? Traits alone are not sufficient for successful leadership. ? Traits are only a precondition for certain actions that a leader must take in order to be successful. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 9 / Slide 17 The Consequences of Consideration and Structure ? Consideration and initiating structure both contribute positively to employees’ motivation, job satisfaction, and leader effectiveness. ? Consideration is more strongly related to follower satisfaction, motivation, and leader effectiveness. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 9 / Slide 21 The Consequences of Consideration and Structure: The Nature of the Situation ? The effects of consideration and initiating structure depend on characteristics of the task, the employee, and the setting in which work is performed. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 9 / Slide 25 Leader Reward and Punishment Behaviours (continued) ? The manner in which leaders administer rewards and punishment is a critical determinant of their effectiveness. ? Leader reward and punishment behaviour leads to more positive perceptions of justice and lower role ambiguity. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 9 / Slide 29 Leadership Orientation ? Leadership orientation is measured by having a leader describe their Least Preferred CoWorker (LPC). ? Least Preferred CoWorker is a current or past coworker with whom a leader has had a difficult time acplishing a task. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 9 / Slide 33 Situational Favourableness (continued) ? Factors that affect situational favourableness, in order of importance, are the following: – Leadermember relations – Task structure – Position power Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 9 / Slide 37 The Contingency Model ? The model indicates that a task orientation (low LPC) is most effective when the leadership situation is very favourable or when it is very unfavourable. ? A relationship orientation (high LPC) is most effective in conditions of medium favourability. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 9 / Slide 41 House’s PathGoal Theory ? Robert House’s theory concerned with the situations under which various leader behaviours are most effective. ? PathGoal Theory is concerned with leader behaviours. ? The most important activities of leaders are those that clarify the paths to various goals of interest to employees. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 9 / Slide 45 Situational Factors ? The effectiveness of each set of behaviours depends on the situation that the leader encounters. ? PathGoal Theory is concerned with two primary classes of situational factors: – Employee characteristics – Environmental factors Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 9 / Slide 49 Situational Factors (continued) ? Leaders might have to tailor their behaviour to the needs, abilities, and personalities of individual employees. ? Effective leaders should take advantage of the motivating and satisfying aspects of jobs while offsetting or pensating for those job aspects that demotivate or dissatisfy. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 9 / Slide 53 Potential Advantages of Participative Leadership ? Motivation – Participation can increase the motivation of employees. ? Quality – Participation can enhance the quality of decisions