【正文】 water and steam power. Britain also had useful mineral resources. 英國(guó)許多河流不僅用于交通，還提供水力及蒸汽動(dòng)力。 17世紀(jì)后的英國(guó)社會(huì)寧?kù)o，對(duì)海外貿(mào)易和殖民地興趣日增。 （ 4） A new class hostility was introduced into rural relationships. 農(nóng)村關(guān)系中產(chǎn)生了新的階級(jí) 對(duì)立 。 由于大農(nóng)場(chǎng)兼并了小農(nóng)場(chǎng)，規(guī)模越來越大； （ 2） More vegetables, more milk and more dairy produce were consumed, and diet became more varied。托利黨是保守黨的前身。Chapter 5 The Rise and Fall of the British Empire (16881990) 本章概要： 1. 輝格黨和托利黨 2. 圈地運(yùn)動(dòng) 3. 18世紀(jì)英國(guó)工業(yè)革命 4. 憲章運(yùn)動(dòng)（ 18361848） 5. 英國(guó)的殖民擴(kuò)張 6. 英國(guó)與兩次世界大戰(zhàn)以及英帝國(guó)的衰落 7. 撒切爾主義 第一部分： Whigs and Tories The Whigs were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Nonconformists. The Whigs were to form a coalition with dissident Tories in the mid19th century and bee the Liberal Party. 輝格黨人是指那些反對(duì)絕對(duì)王權(quán)，支持 新教徒 宗教自由權(quán)利的人。 Agricultural Changes in the Late 18th Century 18世紀(jì)末的農(nóng)業(yè)革命 ? During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the “openfield” system ended when the Enclosure Act was passed. The movement lasted for centuries. ? 18世紀(jì)末、 19世紀(jì)初的農(nóng)業(yè)革命期間，隨著 《 圈地法 》 的頒布，傳統(tǒng)的 “ 開放田地 ” 制 結(jié)束。 人們消費(fèi)的蔬菜，牛奶及 奶制品 越來越多， 飲食 種類愈加豐富； （ 3） Enclosure was a disaster for the tenants evicted from their lands by the enclosures. These peasant farmers were forced to look for work in towns. Enclosure led to mass emigration, particularly to the New World。 II. The Industrial Revolution (17801830) 工業(yè)革命 ? The industrial Revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic anization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. ? 工業(yè)革命指的是 17世紀(jì)末、 18世紀(jì)初英國(guó)工業(yè)的機(jī)械化，以及 因此而導(dǎo)致的 社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)和經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)的變化。國(guó)際貿(mào)易給商人和城市銀行家?guī)碡?cái)富，他們加上由于 新農(nóng)作法 而發(fā)家的人們?yōu)楣I(yè)化提供了大筆資金。英國(guó)還有可用的礦產(chǎn)資源。 (9) England, Scotland, and Wales formed a customs union after 1707 and this included Ireland after 1807. So the national market was not hindered by internal customs barriers. 1707年后，英格蘭、蘇格蘭和威爾士形成 海關(guān)協(xié)會(huì) ，1807年后愛爾蘭加入。 1733年，約翰凱的 飛梭 ； (2) James Hargreaves’ Spinning Jenny in 1766。 4． Consequences of the industrial Revolution 工業(yè)革命的結(jié)果 （ 1） Britain was by 1830 the “workshop of the world”。 （ 4） The industrial revolution created the industrial working class, the proletariat, and it later led to trade unionism. 工業(yè)革命產(chǎn)生了工人階級(jí)，即 無產(chǎn)階級(jí) 。 鬧的英國(guó)佬害心病。 2． Three Reform Bills(18321884) Between 1832 and 1884 three Reform Bills were passed. 1) The Reform Act of 1832 (also called the “Greater Charter of 1832) abolished “rotten boroughs”, and redistributed parliamentary seats more fairly among the growing towns. It also gave the vote to many householders and tenants, based on the value of their property. 1832年的 《 改革法案 》 （也稱為 1832年的大憲章）廢除了 “ 腐敗選區(qū) ” ；在新興城鎮(zhèn)中較為公平地重新分配了議席；以財(cái)產(chǎn)價(jià)值為基礎(chǔ)賦予許多屋主和佃家選舉權(quán)。 (3)equal electoral districts。 1836年，一群技術(shù)工人和小店主組成倫敦工人協(xié)會(huì)。當(dāng)時(shí)的工人階級(jí)還未成熟，沒有正確的革命理論武裝的政黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。 ” II. Colonial Expansion 殖民地?cái)U(kuò)張 English colonial expansion began with the colonization of Newfoundland in 1583. 英國(guó)殖民擴(kuò)張開始于 1583年紐芬蘭的殖民化。 ? Canada was ceded to Britain by the 1763 Treaty of Paris. French rights were guaranteed by the Quebec Act of 1774. The Canada Act of 1791 divided Canada into Upper Canada where the British had settled, and Lower Canada populated by the French. The British North America Act of 1867 established Canada as a dominion. ? 1763年簽訂的 《 巴黎條約 》 將加拿大 割讓 給英國(guó)。 ? English began to transport convicts to Australia in 1788. Free settlement began in 1816, and no convicts were sent to Australia after 1840. The gold rushes (18511892) brought more people to Australia, and in 1901 the six selfgoverning were united in one dominionthe independent Commonwealth of Australia. ? 1788年英國(guó)人開始把 囚犯 流放到澳大利亞。 New Zealand became a separate colony of Britain in 1841, achieved selfgovernment in 1852, became a dominion under the British crown in 1907 and was made pletely independent in 1931. 1841年新西蘭成為獨(dú)立殖民地