【正文】 (18511892) brought more people to Australia, and in 1901 the six selfgoverning were united in one dominionthe independent Commonwealth of Australia. ? 1788年英國(guó)人開(kāi)始把 囚犯 流放到澳大利亞。之后，1791年 《 加拿大法 》 把加拿大分為上加拿大和下加拿大，前者是英國(guó)人的定居地，后者是法國(guó)人的居住點(diǎn)。 ? Canada was ceded to Britain by the 1763 Treaty of Paris. French rights were guaranteed by the Quebec Act of 1774. The Canada Act of 1791 divided Canada into Upper Canada where the British had settled, and Lower Canada populated by the French. The British North America Act of 1867 established Canada as a dominion. ? 1763年簽訂的 《 巴黎條約 》 將加拿大 割讓 給英國(guó)。 ? Encouraged by Britain’s control of the seas, especially by the rising tide of emigration, British colonialists stepped up their expansion to Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, in the late 18th and the early 19th centuries. By 1900, Britain had built up a big empire, “on which the sun never set”. It consisted of a vast number of protectorates, Crown colonies, spheres of influence, and selfgoverning dominions. It included 25% of the world’s population and area. 在 18世紀(jì)末、 19世紀(jì)初，英國(guó)在海上的稱霸，尤其是移民浪潮的高漲，鼓舞了英國(guó)殖民者，加速他們的擴(kuò)張到加拿大、澳大利亞、新西蘭。 ” II. Colonial Expansion 殖民地?cái)U(kuò)張 English colonial expansion began with the colonization of Newfoundland in 1583. 英國(guó)殖民擴(kuò)張開(kāi)始于 1583年紐芬蘭的殖民化。在 1858至 1918年間，六項(xiàng)要求逐漸達(dá)到，盡管第六項(xiàng)從未成為現(xiàn)實(shí)。當(dāng)時(shí)的工人階級(jí)還未成熟，沒(méi)有正確的革命理論武裝的政黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。憲章有六點(diǎn)內(nèi)容：（ 1）所有成年男子都有選舉權(quán)；（ 2）進(jìn)行無(wú)記名 投票 ；（ 3）劃分人數(shù)相等的選區(qū)；（ 4） 廢除 議員的財(cái)產(chǎn)資格要求；（ 5）議員應(yīng)有報(bào)酬；（ 6）議會(huì)每年六月進(jìn)行大選。 1836年，一群技術(shù)工人和小店主組成倫敦工人協(xié)會(huì)。 (5)payment of members of Parliament。 (3)equal electoral districts。 3． A People’s Charter There was widespread dissatisfaction with the Reform Act of 1832 and the New Poor Law. In 1836, a group of skilled workers and small shopkeepers formed the London Working Men’s Association. They drew up a charter of political demands (a People’s Charter) in 1838, with the intention of presenting it to Parliament. It had six points: (1)the vote for all adult males。 2． Three Reform Bills(18321884) Between 1832 and 1884 three Reform Bills were passed. 1) The Reform Act of 1832 (also called the “Greater Charter of 1832) abolished “rotten boroughs”, and redistributed parliamentary seats more fairly among the growing towns. It also gave the vote to many householders and tenants, based on the value of their property. 1832年的 《 改革法案 》 （也稱為 1832年的大憲章）廢除了 “ 腐敗選區(qū) ” ；在新興城鎮(zhèn)中較為公平地重新分配了議席；以財(cái)產(chǎn)價(jià)值為基礎(chǔ)賦予許多屋主和佃家選舉權(quán)。 (2) Representation of town and country, and North and South was unfair. 議會(huì)中城鎮(zhèn)和農(nóng)村，北方和南方的代表分配極不公平。 鬧的英國(guó)佬害心病。 The two events which most alarmed the British ruling class in the closing decades of the 18th century were the American War of Independence and the French Revolution. 18世紀(jì)最后幾十年最令英國(guó)統(tǒng)治者吃驚的是兩個(gè)事件：美國(guó)的獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和法蘭西革命。 （ 4） The industrial revolution created the industrial working class, the proletariat, and it later led to trade unionism. 工業(yè)革命產(chǎn)生了工人階級(jí)，即 無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí) 。 （ 3） Mechanization destroyed the livelihood of those who could not invest in it . The working men worked and lived in a appalling （ to shock sb. Very much )conditions. 機(jī)械化摧毀了無(wú)法投入其中的人們的生活。 4． Consequences of the industrial Revolution 工業(yè)革命的結(jié)果 （ 1） Britain was by 1830 the “workshop of the world”。 1769年理查德阿克賴特的 水力紡織機(jī) ； (4) Samuel Crompton’s mule in 1779 1779年塞繆爾克朗普頓的走綻紡紗機(jī)； (5) Edmund Cartwright’s power loom in 1784。 1733年，約翰凱的 飛梭 ； (2) James Hargreaves’ Spinning Jenny in 1766。 (10) The enclosures and other improvements in agriculture made their contributions by providing food for the rising population, labour for the factories, and some of the raw materials needed by industry. 圈地運(yùn)動(dòng)和其它農(nóng)業(yè)改良為增加的人口提供了糧食，為工廠提供了勞動(dòng)力，為工業(yè)提供了所需的一些原材料。 (9) England, Scotland, and Wales formed a customs union after 1707 and this included Ireland after 1807. So the national market was not hindered by internal customs barriers. 1707年后，英格蘭、蘇格蘭和威爾士形成 海關(guān)協(xié)會(huì) ，1807年后愛(ài)爾蘭加入。 (7) The inventors were respected. They solved practical proble