【正文】 ments in agriculture made their contributions by providing food for the rising population, labour for the factories, and some of the raw materials needed by industry. 圈地運動和其它農(nóng)業(yè)改良為增加的人口提供了糧食，為工廠提供了勞動力，為工業(yè)提供了所需的一些原材料。 3． Typical examples of the inventions during the Industrial Revolution (1) John Kay’s flying shuttle in 1733。 1733年，約翰凱的 飛梭 ； (2) James Hargreaves’ Spinning Jenny in 1766。 1766年詹姆士哈格里夫斯 詹妮紡紗機 ； (3) Richard Arkwright’s waterframe in 1769。 1769年理查德阿克賴特的 水力紡織機 ； (4) Samuel Crompton’s mule in 1779 1779年塞繆爾克朗普頓的走綻紡紗機； (5) Edmund Cartwright’s power loom in 1784。 1784年愛德蒙卡特萊特發(fā)明的力 織機 ； (6) James Watt’s steam engine in 1765. 1765年詹姆斯瓦特的高效蒸汽機。 4． Consequences of the industrial Revolution 工業(yè)革命的結(jié)果 （ 1） Britain was by 1830 the “workshop of the world”。 使英國在 1830年成為了 “ 世界工場 ” ； （ 2） Towns grew rapidly and became the source of the nation’s wealth. 城鎮(zhèn)迅速興起，成為國家財富的源泉。 （ 3） Mechanization destroyed the livelihood of those who could not invest in it . The working men worked and lived in a appalling （ to shock sb. Very much )conditions. 機械化摧毀了無法投入其中的人們的生活。工人們在極其惡劣的條件下勞動與生活。 （ 4） The industrial revolution created the industrial working class, the proletariat, and it later led to trade unionism. 工業(yè)革命產(chǎn)生了工人階級，即 無產(chǎn)階級 。后來形成了 工會制度 。 The two events which most alarmed the British ruling class in the closing decades of the 18th century were the American War of Independence and the French Revolution. 18世紀最后幾十年最令英國統(tǒng)治者吃驚的是兩個事件：美國的獨立戰(zhàn)爭和法蘭西革命。 趣味記憶 ：（英國佬最吃驚的事件：金發(fā) [法蘭西 ] 美 [美國 ]女鬧革命 。 鬧的英國佬害心病。） III. The Chartist Movement (18361848) 憲章運動（ 18361848） 1. Reasons for parliamentary reforms. 議會改革的原因 (1) Power was monopolized by the aristocrats. 權(quán)力被 貴族 壟斷。 (2) Representation of town and country, and North and South was unfair. 議會中城鎮(zhèn)和農(nóng)村，北方和南方的代表分配極不公平。 (3) There were also various socalled rotten or pocket boroughs. 還有各種稱之為腐敗選區(qū)或口袋選區(qū)。 2． Three Reform Bills(18321884) Between 1832 and 1884 three Reform Bills were passed. 1) The Reform Act of 1832 (also called the “Greater Charter of 1832) abolished “rotten boroughs”, and redistributed parliamentary seats more fairly among the growing towns. It also gave the vote to many householders and tenants, based on the value of their property. 1832年的 《 改革法案 》 （也稱為 1832年的大憲章）廢除了 “ 腐敗選區(qū) ” ；在新興城鎮(zhèn)中較為公平地重新分配了議席；以財產(chǎn)價值為基礎賦予許多屋主和佃家選舉權(quán)。 2) The New Poor Law of 1834 forced the poor people into work houses instead of giving them sufficient money to survive in their own homes. 1834年的新濟貧法強迫窮人進工廠，而沒有給他們足夠的錢在自己的家里謀生。 3． A People’s Charter There was widespread dissatisfaction with the Reform Act of 1832 and the New Poor Law. In 1836, a group of skilled workers and small shopkeepers formed the London Working Men’s Association. They drew up a charter of political demands (a People’s Charter) in 1838, with the intention of presenting it to Parliament. It had six points: (1)the vote for all adult males。 (2)voting by secret ballot。 (3)equal electoral districts。 (4)abolition of property qualifications for members of Parliament。 (5)payment of members of Parliament。 (6)annual Parliaments, with a General Election every June. 1832年的 《 改革法案 》 和 《 新濟貧法 》 引起了普遍不滿。 1836年，一群技術(shù)工人和小店主組成倫敦工人協(xié)會。他們于 1838年起草了有關政治要求的憲章（人民憲章），想把它呈送給議會。憲章有六點內(nèi)容：（ 1）所有成年男子都有選舉權(quán)；（ 2）進行無記名 投票 ；（ 3）劃分人數(shù)相等的選區(qū)；（ 4） 廢除 議員的財產(chǎn)資格要求；（ 5）議員應有報酬；（ 6）議會每年六月進行大選。 4． Results of the Chartist Movement Chartism failed because of its weak and divided leadership, and its lack of coordination with tradeunionism. The working class still immature, without the leadership of a political party armed with correct revolutionary theory. The Chartist movement was, however, the first nationwide working class movement and drew attention to serious problems. The 6 points were achieved very gradually over the period of