【正文】 negotiate to adjust the contract price for the quantity of the contract. Calculation before export quotation Collecting basic information for export quotation Calculation before export quotation Theoretical arithmetic Experience arithmetic Purchase price of goods Export packing Quotation quantity Export freight Premium rate Commission Exchange rate The profit rate Rate of export rebates Circulation expense (domestic) 成本核算 ? 出口總成本＝進(jìn)貨價(jià)款（含增值稅）＋國(guó)內(nèi)費(fèi)用－出口退稅，國(guó)內(nèi)費(fèi)用包括 ? 內(nèi)陸運(yùn)費(fèi) inland transportation expenses：主運(yùn)費(fèi)、過(guò)橋費(fèi)、裝卸費(fèi) ? 包裝費(fèi) packing expenses：運(yùn)輸包裝、改換費(fèi)、修整費(fèi) ? 倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)費(fèi) storage expenses：倉(cāng)租、保管費(fèi)、整理費(fèi)、翻包費(fèi) ? 損耗費(fèi)：自然、人為損耗 ? 檢驗(yàn)及公證費(fèi)用 inspection amp。 survey expenses： ? 裝貨及通關(guān)費(fèi)用 shipping amp。海運(yùn)運(yùn)費(fèi)為每千克 。適用于大宗貨物如糧食、油料、礦物、化工等運(yùn)輸。 ? 光船租賃 BAREBOAT CHARTER：船舶所有人將船舶（空船）租給承租人使用一段時(shí)間，而不提供船員和船舶的營(yíng)運(yùn)。 out/FIO，適用于散貨 租船合同 ? Uniform General Charter Contract－ GENCON：稱“金康”，為波羅地海船舶所有人公會(huì)制定，用于定程租船 ? Uniform Time Charter Contract－ BAL Time：由波羅地海航運(yùn)公會(huì)制定，適用于定期租船 ? China National Chartering Corporation Time Contract－ Sino Time ? N. Y. Product Exchange Time Charter ?租船的注意事項(xiàng)： ?不能租賃在政治、外交上與我國(guó)有矛盾、貿(mào)易上與我國(guó)無(wú)來(lái)往的國(guó)家的船 ?不宜租賃二船東 onward carrier，或只有一條船的小船東的船 ?不宜租賃船齡在 15年或 15年以上的船，及耗油量大、無(wú)自動(dòng)艙蓋、無(wú)電動(dòng)絞車的船 租船市場(chǎng) ? 租船市場(chǎng)是進(jìn)行租船交易的場(chǎng)所，船東、租船人、租船經(jīng)紀(jì)人構(gòu)成了這個(gè)市場(chǎng)。紐約租船市場(chǎng)以油輪為主，排名第二。 (2). Time Charter The charterer charters the ship for a period of time during which the ship is deployed and managed by the charterer. What concerns the charterer most is the period, not the voyage. The chartering may be for a period of 1 year or of several years. During the period of chartering, the ship is managed, deployed and used by the charterer. A series of work, such as loading, unloading, stowing and trimming and the so caused fuel expenses, port expenses, loading and unloading expenses, etc., should be borne by the charterer. The shipowner should bear the wages and board expenses of the crew, and be responsible for seaworthiness during the period of chartering and the socaused expenses and the vessel insurance premium. (2). Time Charter 定期租船合同的主要內(nèi)容 ? 船舶：船舶的技術(shù)指標(biāo)、性能應(yīng)在合同中規(guī)定，如船級(jí)、船主、船名、船旗、船會(huì)、總噸、載貨噸、載重、載貨容積、耗油量、航速等 ? 使用限制 ? 貨物限制：船東限制租船不得裝易燃、易爆、活牲畜等 ? 航行區(qū)域限制：冰山區(qū)，敵對(duì)國(guó) 定期租船合同的主要內(nèi)容 ? 租期：由船、租方商定，有伸縮性，如半年 ?15天 ? 船舶交接：交船、還船的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn) ? 租金： ? 按期支付，到期不付，船主有權(quán)解除合同 ? 船方出現(xiàn)失誤，并導(dǎo)致?tīng)I(yíng)業(yè)出現(xiàn)中斷 24小時(shí)以上，承租人有權(quán)停止租金，若租金已付，可按比例扣除 ? 轉(zhuǎn)船：一般在合同中規(guī)定“可以轉(zhuǎn)船” (3). Demise charter Demise charter, is also called bareboat charter, the charterer takes a lease of the entire ship for an agreed time. So demise charter belongs to time charter, but there are some differences: as to time charter, during the period of chartering, the shipowner provides the charterer with a crew, while as to bareboat charter, the shipowner only provides the charterer with a bareboat, the charterer shall employ the crew and pay the crew’s wages and provisions, ship’s maintenance and stores etc. by himself, apart from those expenses he is responsible for under the time charter. (4). Charter party The charter party is a contract concluded between the shipowner and the charterer when the latter charters the ship or booking shipping space from the former. It stipulates the rights and obligations of the two parties. The main terms on the charter party include the interested parties, name and flag of the ship, description and quantity of the shipments, time of chartering, freight, loading and unloading expenses, time limit of loading and unloading, demurrage and dispatch money. 2) Liner/Regular Shipping Liner A liner is a vessel with regular sailing and arrival on a stated schedule between a group of specific ports. The main features of liners usually include: a. The liner has a regular line, port, timetable and paratively fixed freight， which is the basic features of liners b. The shipowner usually leases part of shipping space instead of the whole ship. c. The carrier is responsible for loading and unloading operations, ., Gross Terms. d. The B/L drawn by the shipping pany is the shipping contract between the carrier and the consignor. The rights and obligations of the carrier and the consignor are based on the B/L drawn by the shipping pany. Freight is the remuneration payable to the carrier for the carriage of goods. The freight paid for the carriage by a liner differs in the way of calculating from that paid under a charter party. Freight = Fb + ∑S FbBasic freight Ssurcharge 3) Freight of liners 海運(yùn)船舶的經(jīng)營(yíng)方式－班輪 ? 班輪運(yùn)輸?shù)奶攸c(diǎn) ? 船期表經(jīng)常分送客貨以招攬貨載，并在專業(yè)報(bào)紙或刊物上登載船期表 ? 承運(yùn)人以公共承運(yùn)人身份攬貨，其服務(wù)對(duì)象為大眾托運(yùn)人。 班輪運(yùn)輸?shù)奶攸c(diǎn) ? “一負(fù)責(zé)”－運(yùn)送責(zé)任區(qū)間為 from tackle to tackle，貨柜運(yùn)輸時(shí)是 from terminal to terminal，船方管裝卸、理貨、丈量等，故運(yùn)費(fèi)中包含裝卸費(fèi)。 海運(yùn)船舶的經(jīng)營(yíng)方式－班輪 ? 班輪的運(yùn)費(fèi)： ? 按照班輪運(yùn)價(jià)表計(jì)收。 b. Railway transport to . and Macao。 ? 集中托運(yùn)－航空貨運(yùn)公司把若干單獨(dú)發(fā)運(yùn)的貨物（各自出具航空運(yùn)單）組成一批貨物，用一份總運(yùn)單整批發(fā)運(yùn)到預(yù)定地點(diǎn)，由航空公司在目的地的代理人收貨、報(bào)關(guān)、分撥后交實(shí)際收貨人。一般按重量（公斤）或體積重量（ 6000立方厘米折合 1公斤），從高不從低。 ? 多式聯(lián)運(yùn)經(jīng)營(yíng)人 multimodal transport operator－本人或通過(guò)其代表訂立多式聯(lián)運(yùn)合同的任何人，他是事主而非發(fā)貨人的代理或代表或參加多式聯(lián)運(yùn)的承運(yùn)人的代理人或代表，并負(fù)有履行合同的責(zé)任，可以是實(shí)際承運(yùn)人（辦理全程或部分運(yùn)輸業(yè)務(wù)），也可是無(wú)船承運(yùn)人（ nonvessel operation mon carrier/NVOCC），即將全程運(yùn)輸交由各段實(shí)際承運(yùn)人來(lái)執(zhí)行。 ? 最低運(yùn)費(fèi)規(guī)定：起碼運(yùn)費(fèi) ? Land bridge transport is a mode of transport that connects the ocean transport on the two sides of the land by the railway and land which runs across the continent, ., shiptrainship. Land bridge transport uses the container as a medium, so it has all advantages of container transport. 7 Land Bridge Transport There are 3 main land bridges in the world: ? a. American land bridge。 on the other hand, only if the seller releases the shipping documents can he receive the payment. What documents to be used and how to carefully and accurately plete them deserve our adequate a