【正文】 According to international trade practice, the seller fulfils the duty of delivery only if he delivers the parcel to the post office, pays off the postage, and gets the receipt. The post office is responsible for the delivery of the goods to the destination, and the consignee goes to the post office for picking up his goods. Postal transport falls into 2 kinds: a. Regular mail。一般按重量（公斤）或體積重量（ 6000立方厘米折合 1公斤），從高不從低。 ? 航空運輸?shù)某羞\人 ? 航空運輸公司－實際承運人，辦理從啟運機場至到達機場的全程運輸 ? 航空貨運代理公司：作為貨代－負責辦理航空貨運的訂艙，交接貨和報關等；作為航空公司的貨代－辦理接貨并以航空公司承運人身份簽發(fā)航空運單。 ? 集中托運－航空貨運公司把若干單獨發(fā)運的貨物（各自出具航空運單）組成一批貨物，用一份總運單整批發(fā)運到預定地點，由航空公司在目的地的代理人收貨、報關、分撥后交實際收貨人。 d. International railway the rough transport. 2 Railway Transport 鐵路運輸 ? 鐵路運輸?shù)奶攸c ? 不受氣候的影響 ? 風險相對小 ? 速度較快 ? 分類： ? 國內鐵路運輸 ? 進出口貨物：出口貨物經鐵路運至裝運港，進口貨物經鐵路運至各地 ? 港澳地區(qū)：兩票運輸－國內段運輸和港段運輸：中外運承運 ? 國際聯(lián)運 ? 國際貨約：主要西方國家 ? 國際貨協(xié)：前社會主義國家 3 Air Transport The air transport can be divided into the following kinds: a. Scheduled airliner班機運輸 b. Charted carrier包機運輸 c. Consolidation集中托運 d. Air express急件運送 Airway Bill Airway Bill has the following features: ? a. It is a transport contract signed between the consignor/shipper and the carrier/ airline. ? b. It is a receipt from the airline acknowledging the receipt of the consignment from the shipper. ? c. The air waybill is an internationally standardized document mostly printed in English and in the official language of the country of departure, which facilitates the oncarriage of goods going through 2 to 3 airlines in different countries to the final destination. 航空運輸 ? 航空運輸?shù)姆N類 ? 班機－在固定時間、固定航線、固定始發(fā)站和目的站運輸?shù)娘w機，包括客貨混合飛機和全貨航班，適用于運輸急需物品、鮮活商品等。 b. Railway transport to . and Macao。 ? 貨方運價表：由常年有較大運輸量的貨主決定； ? 雙邊協(xié)商： OPEN 海運船舶的經營方式－班輪 ? 運費的計收標準： ? 1 重量噸 Weight Ton “W” ? 2 尺碼噸 Measurement Ton “M” ? 3 毛重或體積 “ W/M” ? 4 從價 “ .” or “Ad. Val”FOB ? 5 三者選最高 “ W/M or ad val.” ? 6 二者選最高加從價 “ W/M plus ad val.” ? 7 按件 per head, per unit 海運船舶的經營方式－班輪 ? 附加費用 ? 超重附加費 extra charges on heavy lifts：貨物單件超過 5公噸 ? 超長附加費 extra charges on over lengths：貨物單件超過 9米 ? 直航附加費 extra charges on direct：停泊于非基本港，運量達到或超過1000運費噸 ? 燃油附加費： BAF，占總成本 15% ? 選卸附加費 extra charges on optional discharging port： ? 轉船附加費 transhipment additional： ? 港口附加費 port additional： ? 變更目的港附加費： ? 貨幣貶值附加費： ? 繞航附加費： 海運船舶的經營方式－班輪 ? 班輪運價表的結構 ? 說明及規(guī)定 ? 商品表 ? 單項費率 ? 等級費率 ? 航線費率表 ? 附加費率表 ? 冷藏貨或活牲畜費率表 ? 班輪運費的計算 ? 先根據(jù)貨物的英文名稱在貨物分級表中查出該貨物屬于什么等級和按什么計費標準 ? 根據(jù)貨物等級和計費標準，在航線費率表中查出貨物的基本運費費率 ? 查出貨物本身所經航線和港口的有關附加費 ? 貨物的基本費率和附加費率之和是貨物每一運費噸的單價 ? 以該貨物的計費重量噸或尺碼噸乘以單價，即得出運費總量。 海運船舶的經營方式－班輪 ? 班輪的運費： ? 按照班輪運價表計收。 ? 班輪承運貨物的品種、數(shù)量靈活（只要有艙位，就可運輸），運輸質量較好，一般在碼頭倉庫交接貨物，貨主較便利。 班輪運輸?shù)奶攸c ? “一負責”－運送責任區(qū)間為 from tackle to tackle，貨柜運輸時是 from terminal to terminal，船方管裝卸、理貨、丈量等，故運費中包含裝卸費。 ? 各航線多有航運公會的組織，船公司可加入公會成為會員，接受公會所訂運價及貨運規(guī)則，也可不參加。 (2). Time Charter The charterer charters the ship for a period of time during which the ship is deployed and managed by the charterer. What concerns the charterer most is the period, not the voyage. The chartering may be for a period of 1 year or of several years. During the period of chartering, the ship is managed, deployed and used by the charterer. A series of work, such as loading, unloading, stowing and trimming and the so caused fuel expenses, port expenses, loading and unloading expenses, etc., should be borne by the charterer. The shipowner should bear the wages and board expenses of the crew, and be responsible for seaworthiness during the period of chartering and the socaused expenses and the vessel insurance premium. (2). Time Charter 定期租船合同的主要內容 ? 船舶：船舶的技術指標、性能應在合同中規(guī)定，如船級、船主、船名、船旗、船會、總噸、載貨噸、載重、載貨容積、耗油量、航速等 ? 使用限制 ? 貨物限制：船東限制租船不得裝易燃、易爆、活牲畜等 ? 航行區(qū)域限制：冰山區(qū)，敵對國 定期租船合同的主要內容 ? 租期：由船、租方商定，有伸縮性，如半年 ?15天 ? 船舶交接：交船、還船的時間、地點 ? 租金： ? 按期支付，到期不付，船主有權解除合同 ? 船方出現(xiàn)失誤，并導致營業(yè)出現(xiàn)中斷 24小時以上，承租人有權停止租金，若租金已付，可按比例扣除 ? 轉船：一般在合同中規(guī)定“可以轉船” (3). Demise charter Demise charter, is also called bareboat charter, the charterer takes a lease of the entire ship for an agreed time. So demise charter belongs to time charter, but there are some differences: as to time charter, during the period of chartering, the shipowner provides the charterer with a crew, while as to bareboat charter, the shipowner only provides the charterer with a bareboat, the charterer shall employ the crew and pay the crew’s wages and provisions, ship’s maintenance and stores etc. by himself, apart from those expenses he is responsible for under the time charter. (4). Charter party The charter party is a contract concluded between the shipowner and the charterer when the latter charters the ship or booking shipping space from the former. It stipulates the rights and obligations of the two parties. The main terms on the charter party include the interested parties, name and flag of the ship, description and quantity of the shipments, time of chartering, freight, loading and unloading expenses, time limit of loading and unloading, demurrage and dispatch money. 2) Liner/Regular Shipping Liner A liner is a vessel with regular sailing and arrival on a stated schedule between a group of specific ports. The main features of liners usually include: a. The liner has a regular line, port, timetable and paratively fixed freight， which is the basic features of liners b. The shipowner usually leases part of shipping space instead of the whole ship. c. The carrier is responsible for loading and unloading operations, ., Gross Terms. d. The B/L drawn by the shipping pany is the shipping contract between the carrier and the consignor. The right