短期經(jīng)濟：產(chǎn)品市場與is曲線-wenkub
2023-05-22 01:10:23 本頁面
【正文】 消費的影響因素。（ ) ? 社會消費（ C）是總需求的組成部分 。并進一步假設(shè)：居民的消費會隨著其收入的增加而增加，消費（ c）是收入（ y）的函數(shù) , 即 c = c ( y ) （消費和收入正相關(guān)） ? 凱恩斯消費函數(shù)的表達式： 在線性假設(shè)之下，凱恩斯消費函數(shù)可以表示為： Cy????2021/6/17 20 ? 邊際消費傾向 （ MPC）：增加的消費與增加的收入之比率，即增加 1單位收入中用于增加消費部分的比率。對消費行為的研究是經(jīng)濟學、市場營銷學等學科的理論基礎(chǔ)。（需求決定論） 2021/6/17 10 ? In the General Theory of Money, Interest and Employment (1936),Keynes proposed that an economy?s total ine was, in the short run, determined largely by the desire to spend by households, firms, and the government. The more people want to spend, the more goods and services firms can sell. The more firms can sell, the more output they will choose to produce and the more workers they will choose to hire. Thus, the problem during recessions and depressions, according to Keynes, was inadequate spending. 閱讀參考 2021/6/17 11 ? The Keynesian model can be viewed as showing what causes the aggregate demand curve to shift. ? In the short run, when the price level is fixed, shifts in the aggregate demand curve lead to changes in national ine, Y. 2021/6/17 12 ? The model of aggregate demand (AD) can be split into two parts: ? IS model of the “goods market” and the LM model of the “money market”. 2021/6/17 13 IS (investment and saving) model of the ‘goods market’ LM (liquidity and money) model of the ?money market 2021/6/17 14 The IS curve (which stands for investment saving) plots the relationship between the interest rate and the level of ine that arises in the market for goods and services. The LM curve (which stands for liquidity and money) plots the relationship between the interest rate and the level of ine that arises in the money market. 2021/6/17 15 小 結(jié) ? 凱恩斯經(jīng)濟學的產(chǎn)生背景 ? 研究對象：短期宏觀經(jīng)濟 ? 基本假設(shè)：貨幣工資、商品價格不變（剛性），總供給曲線是一條水平線，存在大量失業(yè)。 Y*39。 2021/6/17 9 Price level, P Ine, Output, Y SRAS AD Y* Y*39。 The Great Depression caused many economists to question the validity of classical economic theory . They believed they needed a new model to explain such a pervasive economic downturn and to suggest that government policies might ease some of the economic hardship that society was experiencing. 2021/6/17 4 ? 1936年，凱恩斯發(fā)表 《 就業(yè)、利息與貨幣通論 》 ，標志著宏觀經(jīng)濟學的誕生。2021/6/17 1 第 4章 短期經(jīng)濟： 產(chǎn)品市場均衡與 IS曲線 關(guān)于凱恩斯經(jīng)濟學 消費理論 投資的決定 產(chǎn)品市場均衡 乘數(shù)理論 IS曲線 注意：第 46章主要為凱恩斯理論及其應用。 In 1936, John Maynard Keynes wrote The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. In it, he proposed a new way to analyze the economy, which he presented as an alternative to the classical theory. 2021/6/17 5 ? 凱恩斯認為，國民收入大幅下降、失業(yè)嚴重的根源在于需求不足；政府應該通過宏觀經(jīng)濟政策來擴大需求。 AD39。39。 ? 主要特點：需求決定論 ? 基本結(jié)論：經(jīng)濟蕭條（收入下降、失業(yè)增加）的主要是總需求不足；在短期，總需求決定總供給（國民收入）。 ? 不同的學科、不同的學者由于研究的側(cè)重點和研究的視角不同，對人們消費行為的假設(shè)不同，形成了種種不同的理論。 顯然，對于線性的凱恩斯消費函數(shù) C= α + β y， 有β＝ MPC， 其中 α為基本消費。 ? 為簡化起見，我們可以假設(shè)社會消費（ C）為 此處， Yd 為個人可支配收入。 （利率、價格水平、國民收入分配、社會保障制度等） ? 市場營銷學對影響消費的因素有較為全面的論述。 ? 在計算預期利潤和收益時要考慮利息（貨幣的利率、折現(xiàn)率）的影響，要將未來時期的貨幣依據(jù)一定的折現(xiàn)率換算成當期的貨幣。 ? 投資具有不確定性，需要進行風險評估。 ? 教材（ 419421）
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