【正文】 to the needs of section internal force in stepping, set up the anchor head, but can often see the crack in the anchor firm section adjacent place. So if deal with improper, in corner or ponent form sudden change office , block place to be easy to appear crack strength reinforcing bar of structure the. In the actual project, stress crack once produced the most 西南交通大學(xué)本科 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 外文翻譯 第 3 頁 mon reason which loads the crack. Stress crack once belong to one more piece of nature of drawing , splitting off , shearing. Stress crack once is loaded and caused, only seldom calculate according to the routine too, but with modern to calculate constant perfection of means, times of stress crack to can acplish reasonable checking putations too. For example to such stresses 2 times of producing as prestressing force , creeping ,etc., department39。s consumption, reduce the aggregate and enter the temperature of the mould , reduce the internal and external difference in temperature, and lower the temperature slowly , can adopt the circulation cooling system to carry on the inside to dispel the heat in case of necessity, or adopt the thin layer and build it in succession in order to accelerate dispelling the heat. 5, The construction measure is improper at the time of steam maintenance or the winter construction , the concrete is sudden and cold and sudden and hot, internal and external temperature is uneven , apt to appear in the crack. 6, Prefabricate T roof beam horizontal baffle when the installation , prop up seat bury stencil plate with transfer flat stencil plate when welding in advance, if weld measure to be improper, iron pieces of nearby concrete easy to is it fracture to burn. Adopt electric heat piece draw law piece draw prestressing force at the ponent , prestressing force steel temperature can rise to 350 degrees Centigrade , the concrete 西南交通大學(xué)本科 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 外文翻譯 第 6 頁 ponent is apt to fracture. Experimental study indicates , are caused the intensity of concrete that the high temperature burns to obviously reduce with rising of temperature by such reasons as the fire ,etc., glueing forming the decline thereupon of strength of reinforcing bar and concrete, tensile strength drop by 50% after concrete temperature reaches 300 degrees Centigrade, pression strength drops by 60%, glueing the strength of forming to drop by 80% of only round reinforcing bar and concrete。t fully reflect the real geological situation . 2, The geological difference of the ground is too large. Building it in the bridge of the valley of the ditch of mountain area, geology of the stream place and place on the hillside change larger, even there are weak grounds in the stream, because the soil of the ground does not causes and does not subside evenly with the pressing. 3, The structure loads the difference too big. Under the unanimous terms, when every foundation too heavy to load difference in geological situation, may cause evenly to subside, for example high to fill out soil case shape in the middle part of the culvert than to is it take heavy to load both sides, to subside soon heavy than both sides middle part, case is it might fracture to contain 4, The difference of basic type of structure is great. Unite it in the bridge the samly , mix and use and does not expand the foundation and a foundation with the foundation, or adopt a foundation when a footpath or a long difference is great at the same time , or adopt the foundation of expanding when basis elevation is widely different at the same time , may cause the ground not to subside evenly too 5, Foundation built by stages. In the newlybuilt bridge near the foundation of original bridge, if the half a bridge about expressway built by stages, the newlybuilt bridge loads or the foundation causes the soil of the ground to consolidate again while dealing with, may cause and subside the foundation of original bridge greatly 6, The ground is frozen bloatedly. The ground soil of higher moisture content on terms that lower than zero degree expands because of being icy?；炷灵_裂可以說是“常發(fā)病”和“多發(fā)病”，經(jīng)常困擾著橋梁工程技術(shù)人員。混凝 土橋梁裂縫的種類，就其產(chǎn)生的原因，大致可劃分如下幾種： 一、荷載引起的裂縫 混凝土橋梁在常規(guī)靜、動荷載及次應(yīng)力下產(chǎn)生的裂縫稱荷載裂縫，歸納起來主要有直接應(yīng)力裂縫、次應(yīng)力裂縫兩種。 施工階段，不加限制地堆放施工機(jī)具、材料；不了解預(yù)制結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)受力特點(diǎn)，隨意翻身、起吊、運(yùn)輸、安裝；不按設(shè)計(jì)圖紙施工，擅自更改結(jié)構(gòu)施工順序，改變結(jié)構(gòu)受力模式；不對結(jié)構(gòu)做機(jī)器振動下的疲勞強(qiáng)度驗(yàn)算等。例如兩鉸拱橋拱腳設(shè)計(jì)時常采 用布置“ X”形鋼筋、同時削減該處斷面尺寸的辦法設(shè)計(jì)鉸，理論計(jì)算該處不會存在彎矩，但實(shí)際該鉸仍然能夠抗彎，以至出現(xiàn)裂縫而導(dǎo)致鋼筋銹蝕。因此，若處理不當(dāng)，在這些結(jié)構(gòu)的轉(zhuǎn)角處或構(gòu)件形狀突變處、受力鋼筋截?cái)嗵幦菀壮霈F(xiàn)裂 縫。例如現(xiàn)在對預(yù)應(yīng)力、徐變等產(chǎn)生的二次應(yīng)力，不少平面桿系有限元程序均可正確計(jì)算，但在 40年前卻比較困難。但必須指出，如果受壓區(qū)出現(xiàn)起皮或有沿受壓方向的短裂縫，往往是結(jié)構(gòu)達(dá)到承載力極限的標(biāo)志，是結(jié)構(gòu)破壞的前兆，其原因往往是截面尺寸偏小。 中心受壓。采用螺紋鋼筋時，裂縫間可見較短的次裂縫。 小偏心受壓。方向的斜裂縫；當(dāng)箍筋適當(dāng)時發(fā)生剪壓破壞，沿梁端中下部出現(xiàn)約 45176。方向斜裂縫，并向相鄰面以螺旋方向展開。 局部受壓。溫度裂縫區(qū)別其它裂縫最主要特征是將隨溫度變化而擴(kuò)張或合攏?？紤]到混凝土的蠕變特性，年溫差內(nèi)力計(jì)算時混凝土彈性模量應(yīng)考慮折減。日照和下述驟然降溫是導(dǎo)致結(jié)構(gòu)溫度裂縫的最常見原因。 水化熱。 預(yù)制 T梁之間橫隔板安裝時，支座預(yù)埋鋼板與調(diào)平鋼板焊接時，若焊接措施不當(dāng)，鐵件附近混凝土容易燒傷開裂。在混凝土收縮種類中，塑性收縮和縮水收縮（干縮）是發(fā)生混凝土體積變形的主要原因，另外還有自生收縮和炭化收縮。在骨料下沉過程中若受到鋼筋阻擋，便形成沿鋼筋方向的裂縫?；炷两Y(jié)硬以后，隨著表層水分逐步蒸發(fā)，濕度逐步降低，混凝土體積減小，稱為縮水收縮（干縮）。 自生收縮。炭化收縮只有在濕度 50%左右才能發(fā)生，且隨二氧化碳的濃度的增加而加快。礦渣水泥、快硬水泥、低熱水泥混凝土收縮性較高，普通水泥、火山灰水泥、礬土水泥混凝土收縮性較低。骨料中石英、石灰?guī)r、白云巖、花崗巖、長石等吸水率較小、收縮性較低；而砂巖、板巖、角閃巖等吸水率較大、收縮性較高。 外摻劑。養(yǎng)護(hù)時保持濕度越高、氣溫越低、養(yǎng)護(hù)時間越長，則混凝土收縮越小。 振搗方式及時間。對于溫度和收縮 引起的裂縫，增配構(gòu)造鋼筋可明顯提高混凝土的抗裂性，尤其是薄壁結(jié) （壁厚 20~60cm）。在沒有充分掌握地質(zhì)情況就設(shè)計(jì)、施工，這是造成地基不均勻沉降的主要原因。 四、 地基礎(chǔ)變形引起的裂縫 由于基礎(chǔ)豎向不均勻沉降或水平方向位移，使結(jié)構(gòu)中產(chǎn)生附加應(yīng)力，超出混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)的抗拉能力，導(dǎo)致結(jié) 構(gòu)開裂。振搗時間應(yīng)根據(jù)機(jī)械性能決定，一般以 5~15s/次為宜。 外界環(huán)境。 養(yǎng)護(hù)方法。 水灰比。例如，為了提高混凝土的強(qiáng)度，施工時經(jīng)常采用強(qiáng)行增加水泥用量的做法，結(jié)果收縮應(yīng)力明顯加大。 混凝土收縮裂縫的特點(diǎn)是大部分屬表面裂縫，裂縫寬度較細(xì)，且縱橫 交錯，成龜裂狀，形狀沒有任何規(guī)律。炭化收縮?；炷劣不笫湛s主要就是縮水收縮 。為減小混凝土塑性收縮，施工時應(yīng)控制水灰比，避免過長時間的攪拌，下料不宜太快，振搗要密實(shí)，豎向變截面處宜分層澆筑。發(fā)生在施工過程中、混凝土澆筑后 4~5小時左右，此時水泥水化反應(yīng)激烈，分子鏈逐漸形成，出現(xiàn)泌水和水分急劇蒸發(fā)，混凝土失水收縮，同時骨料因自重下沉，因此時混凝土尚未硬化，稱為塑性收縮。試驗(yàn)研究表明，由火災(zāi)等原因引起高溫?zé)齻幕炷翉?qiáng)度隨溫度的升高而明顯降低，鋼筋與混凝土的粘結(jié)力隨之下降，混凝土溫度達(dá)到 300℃后抗拉強(qiáng)度下降 50%，抗壓強(qiáng)度下降 60%，光圓鋼筋與混凝土的粘結(jié)力下降 80%；由于受熱，混凝土體內(nèi)游離水大量蒸發(fā)也 可產(chǎn)生急劇收縮。施工中應(yīng)根據(jù)實(shí)際情況，盡量選擇水化熱低的水泥品種，限制水泥單位用量，減少骨料入模溫度，降低內(nèi)外溫差，并緩慢降溫，必要時可采用循環(huán)冷卻系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行內(nèi)部散熱，或采用薄層連續(xù)澆