【正文】 ntract with cold, look on as the external environment condition or the structure temperature changes, concrete take place out of shape, if out of shape to restrain from, produce the stress in the structure, produce the temperature crack promptly when exceeding concrete tensile strength in stress. In some being heavy to step footpath among the bridge , temperature stress can is it go beyond living year stress even to reach. The temperature crack distinguishes the main characteristic of other cracks will be varied with temperature and expanded or closed up. The main factor is as follows, to cause temperature and change 1, Annual difference in temperature. Temperature is changing constantly in four seasons in one year, but change relatively slowly, the impact on structure of the bridge is mainly the vertical displacement which causes the bridge, can prop up seat move or set up flexible mound ,etc. not to construct measure coordinate , through bridge floor expansion joint generally, can cause temperature crack only when the displacement of the structure is limited, for example arched bridge , just bridge etc. The annual difference in temperature of our country generally changes the range with the conduct of the average temperature in the moon of January and July. 西南交通大學(xué)本科 畢業(yè)設(shè)計 外文翻譯 第 5 頁 Considering the creep characteristic of the concrete, the elastic mould amount of concrete should be considered rolling over and reducing when the internal force of the annual difference in temperature is calculated. 2, Rizhao. After being tanned by the sun by the sun to the side of bridge panel , the girder or the pier, temperature is obviously higher than other position, the temperature gradient is presented and distributed by the line shape . Because of restrain oneself function, cause part draw stress to be relatively heavy, the crack appears. Rizhao and following to is it cause structure mon reason most , temperature of crack to lower the temperature suddenly 3, Lower the temperature suddenly. Fall heavy rain , cold air attack , sunset ,etc. can cause structure surface temperature suddenly dropped suddenly, but because inside temperature change relatively slow producing temperature gradient. Rizhao and lower the temperature internal force can adopt design specification or consult real bridge materials go on when calculating suddenly, concrete elastic mould amount does not consider converting into and reducing 4, Heat of hydration. Appear in the course of constructing, the large volume concrete (thickness exceeds 2. 0), after building because cement water send out heat, cause inside very much high temperature, the internal and external difference in temperature is too large, cause the surface to appear in the crack. Should according to actual conditions in constructing, is it choose heat of hydration low cement variety to try one39。s shoulder or back and strengthened .Some bridge foundation is it put too shallow to bury, erode , is it dig to wash flood, the foundation might be moved. Ground load change of terms, bridge nearby is it is it abolish square , grit ,etc. in a large amount to put to pile with cave in , landslide ,etc. reason for instance, it is out of shape that the bridge location range soil layer may be pressed again. So, the condition of original ground change while using may cause and does not subside evenly Produce the structure thing of horizontal thrust to arched bridge ,etc., it is the main reason that horizontal displacement crack emerges to destroy the original geological condition when to that it is unreasonable to grasp inpletely , design and construct in the geological situation. 西南交通大學(xué)本科 畢業(yè)設(shè)計 外文翻譯 第 11 頁 橋梁裂縫產(chǎn)生原因淺析 近年來，我省交通基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)得到迅猛發(fā)展，各地興建了大量的混凝土橋梁。裂縫產(chǎn)生的原因有： 設(shè)計計算階段，結(jié)構(gòu)計算時不計算或部分漏算；計算模型不合理；結(jié)構(gòu)受力假設(shè)與實際受力不符；荷載少算或漏算；內(nèi)力與配筋計算錯誤；結(jié)構(gòu)安全系數(shù)不夠。研究表明，受力構(gòu)件挖孔后，力流將產(chǎn)生繞射現(xiàn)象，在孔洞附近密集，產(chǎn)生巨大的應(yīng)力集中。荷載裂縫特征依荷載不 同而異呈現(xiàn)不同的特點。 受彎。 受剪。沿 柱頭板內(nèi)四側(cè)發(fā)生約 45176。一年中四季溫度不斷變化，但變化相對緩慢，對橋梁結(jié)構(gòu)的影響主要是 導(dǎo)致橋梁的縱向位移，一般可通過橋面伸縮縫、支座位移或設(shè)置柔性墩等構(gòu)造措施相協(xié)調(diào)，只有結(jié)構(gòu)的位移受到限制時才會引起溫度裂縫，例如拱橋、剛架橋等。突降大雨、冷空氣侵襲、日落等可導(dǎo)致結(jié)構(gòu)外表 面溫度突然下降，但因內(nèi)部溫度變化相對較慢而產(chǎn)生溫度梯度。試驗研究表明，由火災(zāi)等原因引起高溫?zé)齻幕炷翉姸入S溫度的升高而明顯降低，鋼筋與混凝土的粘結(jié)力隨之下降，混凝土溫度達到 300℃后抗拉強度下降 50%，抗壓強度下降 60%，光圓鋼筋與混凝土的粘結(jié)力下降 80%；由于受熱，混凝土體內(nèi)游離水大量蒸發(fā)也 可產(chǎn)生急劇收縮。為減小混凝土塑性收縮，施工時應(yīng)控制水灰比，避免過長時間的攪拌，下料不宜太快，振搗要密實，豎向變截面處宜分層澆筑。炭化收縮。例如，為了提高混凝土的強度，施工時經(jīng)常采用強行增加水泥用量的做法，結(jié)果收縮應(yīng)力明顯加大。 養(yǎng)護方法。振搗時間應(yīng)根據(jù)機械性能決定，一般以 5~15s/次為宜。在沒有充分掌握地質(zhì)情況就設(shè)計、施工，這是造成地基不均勻沉降的主要原因。 振搗方式及時間。 外摻劑。礦渣水泥、快硬水泥、低熱水泥混凝土收縮性較高，普通水泥、火山灰水泥、礬土水泥混凝土收縮性較低。 自生收縮。在骨料下沉過程中若受到鋼筋阻擋，便形成沿鋼筋方向的裂縫。 預(yù)制 T梁之間橫隔板安裝時，支座預(yù)埋鋼板與調(diào)平鋼板焊接時，若焊接措施不當(dāng)，鐵件附近混凝土容易燒傷開裂。日照和下述驟然降溫是導(dǎo)致結(jié)構(gòu)溫度裂縫的最常見原因。溫度裂縫區(qū)別其它裂縫最主要特征是將隨溫度變化而擴張或合攏。方向斜裂縫，并向相鄰面以螺旋方向展開。 小偏心受壓。 中心受壓。例如現(xiàn)在對預(yù)應(yīng)力、徐變等產(chǎn)生的二次應(yīng)力，不少平面桿系有限元程序均可正確計算，但在 40年前卻比較困難。例如兩鉸拱橋拱腳設(shè)計時常采 用布置“ X”形鋼筋、同時削減該處斷面尺寸的辦法設(shè)計鉸，理論計算該處不會存在彎矩，但實際該鉸仍然能夠抗彎，以至出現(xiàn)裂縫而導(dǎo)致鋼筋銹蝕?；炷?土橋梁裂縫的種類，就其產(chǎn)生的原因，大致可劃分如下幾種： 一、荷載引起的裂縫 混凝土橋梁在常規(guī)靜、動荷載及次應(yīng)力下產(chǎn)生的裂縫稱荷載裂縫，歸納起來主要有直接應(yīng)力裂縫、次應(yīng)力裂縫兩種。t fully reflect the real geological situation . 2, The geological difference of the ground is too large. Building it in the bridge of the valley of the ditch of mountain area, geology of the stream place and place on the hillside change larger, even there are weak grounds in the stream, because the soil of the ground does not causes and does not subside evenly with the pressing. 3, The structure loads the difference too big. Under the unanimous terms, when every foundation too heavy to load difference in geological situation, may cause evenly to subside, for example high to fill out soil case shape in the middle part of the culvert than to is it take heavy to load both sides, to subside soon heavy than both sides middle part, case is it might fracture to contain 4, The difference of basic type of structure is great. Unite it in the bridge the samly , mix and use and does not expand the foundation and a foundation with the foundation, or