【正文】 dge arch foot is it is it assign X shape reinforcing bar , cut down this place way , section of size design and cut with scissors at the same time to adopt often to design to cut with scissors, theory calculate place this can store curved square in , but reality should is it can resist curved still to cut with scissors, so that present the crack and cause the reinforcing bar corrosion. 2, Bridge structure is it dig trough , turn on hole , set up ox leg ,etc. to need often, difficult to use a accurate one diagrammatic to is it is it calculate to imitate to go on in calculating in routine, set up and receive the strength reinforcing bar in general foundation experience. Studies have shown , after being dug the hole by the strength ponent , it will produce the diffraction phenomenon that strength flows, intensive near the hole in a utensil, produced the enormous stress to concentrate. In long to step prestressing force of the continuous roof beam , often block the steel bunch according to the needs of section internal force in stepping, set up the anchor head, but can often see the crack in the anchor firm section adjacent place. So if deal with improper, in corner or ponent form sudden change office , block place to be easy to appear crack strength reinforcing bar of structure the. In the actual project, stress crack once produced the most 西南交通大學(xué)本科 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 外文翻譯 第 3 頁(yè) mon reason which loads the crack. Stress crack once belong to one more piece of nature of drawing , splitting off , shearing. Stress crack once is loaded and caused, only seldom calculate according to the routine too, but with modern to calculate constant perfection of means, times of stress crack to can acplish reasonable checking putations too. For example to such stresses 2 times of producing as prestressing force , creeping ,etc., department39?；炷?土橋梁裂縫的種類，就其產(chǎn)生的原因，大致可劃分如下幾種： 一、荷載引起的裂縫 混凝土橋梁在常規(guī)靜、動(dòng)荷載及次應(yīng)力下產(chǎn)生的裂縫稱荷載裂縫，歸納起來(lái)主要有直接應(yīng)力裂縫、次應(yīng)力裂縫兩種。例如現(xiàn)在對(duì)預(yù)應(yīng)力、徐變等產(chǎn)生的二次應(yīng)力，不少平面桿系有限元程序均可正確計(jì)算，但在 40年前卻比較困難。 小偏心受壓。溫度裂縫區(qū)別其它裂縫最主要特征是將隨溫度變化而擴(kuò)張或合攏。 預(yù)制 T梁之間橫隔板安裝時(shí)，支座預(yù)埋鋼板與調(diào)平鋼板焊接時(shí)，若焊接措施不當(dāng)，鐵件附近混凝土容易燒傷開(kāi)裂。 自生收縮。 外摻劑。在沒(méi)有充分掌握地質(zhì)情況就設(shè)計(jì)、施工，這是造成地基不均勻沉降的主要原因。 養(yǎng)護(hù)方法。炭化收縮。試驗(yàn)研究表明，由火災(zāi)等原因引起高溫?zé)齻幕炷翉?qiáng)度隨溫度的升高而明顯降低，鋼筋與混凝土的粘結(jié)力隨之下降，混凝土溫度達(dá)到 300℃后抗拉強(qiáng)度下降 50%，抗壓強(qiáng)度下降 60%，光圓鋼筋與混凝土的粘結(jié)力下降 80%；由于受熱，混凝土體內(nèi)游離水大量蒸發(fā)也 可產(chǎn)生急劇收縮。一年中四季溫度不斷變化，但變化相對(duì)緩慢，對(duì)橋梁結(jié)構(gòu)的影響主要是 導(dǎo)致橋梁的縱向位移，一般可通過(guò)橋面伸縮縫、支座位移或設(shè)置柔性墩等構(gòu)造措施相協(xié)調(diào)，只有結(jié)構(gòu)的位移受到限制時(shí)才會(huì)引起溫度裂縫，例如拱橋、剛架橋等。 受剪。荷載裂縫特征依荷載不 同而異呈現(xiàn)不同的特點(diǎn)。裂縫產(chǎn)生的原因有： 設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算階段，結(jié)構(gòu)計(jì)算時(shí)不計(jì)算或部分漏算；計(jì)算模型不合理；結(jié)構(gòu)受力假設(shè)與實(shí)際受力不符；荷載少算或漏算；內(nèi)力與配筋計(jì)算錯(cuò)誤；結(jié)構(gòu)安全系數(shù)不夠。 Is it is it is it destroy to press to cut to happen when the hoop muscle is proper, underpart is it invite 45?? direction parallel oblique crack each other to appear along roof beam end. 7, Sprained. Component one side belly appear many direction oblique crack, 45?? of treaty, first, and to launch with spiral direction being adjoint. 8, Washed and cut. 4 side is it invite 45?? direction inclined plane draw and split to take place along column cap board, form the tangent plane of washing. 9, Some and is pressed. Some to appear person who press direction roughly parallel large short cracks with pressure. (2) crack caused in temperature change The concrete has nature of expanding with heat and contract with cold, look on as the external environment condition or the structure temperature changes, concrete take place out of shape, if out of shape to restrain from, produce the stress in the structure, produce the temperature crack promptly when exceeding concrete tensile strength in stress. In some being heavy to step footpath among the bridge , temperature stress can is it go beyond living year stress even to reach. The temperature crack distinguishes the main characteristic of other cracks will be varied with temperature and expanded or closed up. The main factor is as follows, to cause temperature and change 1, Annual difference in temperature. Temperature is changing constantly in four seasons in one year, but change relatively slowly, the impact on structure of the bridge is mainly the vertical displacement which causes the bridge, can prop up seat move or set up flexible mound ,etc. not to construct measure coordinate , through bridge floor expansion joint generally, can cause temperature crack only when the displacement of the structure is limited, for example arched bridge , just bridge etc. The annual difference in temperature of our country generally changes the range with the conduct of the average temperature in the moon of January and July. 西南交通大學(xué)本科 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 外文翻譯 第 5 頁(yè) Considering the creep characteristic of the concrete, the elastic mould amount of concrete should be considered rolling over and reducing when the internal force of the annual difference in temperature is calculated. 2, Rizhao. After being tanned by the sun by the sun to the side of bridge panel , the girder or the pier, temperature is obviously higher than other position, the temperature gradient is presented and distributed by the line shape . Because of restrain oneself function, cause part draw stress to be relatively heavy, the crack appears. Rizhao and following to is it cause structure mon reason most , temperature of crack to lower the temperature suddenly 3, Lower the temperature suddenly. Fall heavy rain , cold air attack , sunset ,etc. can cause structure surface temperature suddenly dropped suddenly, but because inside temperature change relatively slow producing temperature gradient. Rizhao and lower the temperature internal force can adopt design specification or consult real bridge materials go on when calculating suddenly, concrete elastic mould amount does not consider converting into and reducing 4, Heat of hydration. Appear in the course of constructing, the large volume concrete (thickness exceeds 2. 0), after building because cement water send out heat, ca