【正文】 et project was carried out while the distribution rate is just 40%.This is not only lower than 60% of the average delivery rate of domestic chain supermarkets, but also much lower than the rate of foreign chain supermarkets which is more than 80%. .Uniform distribution leads to unified procurement. The stores can’t get advantages of chains. This will lead to the high logistics cost.B. The unreasonable logistics and distribution patterns of reading information efficientlyRecently, our rural chain supermarkets’ logistics and distribution channels are mainly consists of distribution centers, rural food and supplymarketing cooperatives, thirdparty logistics and distribution system. Actually, these three kinds of distribution ways are facing to the same problem of high logistics costs. Many chain supermarkets have not established their own distribution center and could not met the needs of the distribution services. Even though some chain supermarkets have established their own distribution centers, there are still many problems. Most rural supermarkets are small and lack of funds to build distribution centers, therefore a number of distribution centers can not meet the demands on supermarket distribution. The rural chain stores spread widely and the limited amount of single chain supermarkets distribution. The ine is less than the cost of distribution centers’ construction and operation.C. Delayed construction, poor technology, low distribution level of distribution centersThe distribution centers of rural chain supermarkets are transformed and expanded mostly on the basis of the original warehouse, which can not meet the service needs of chain supermarkets. These distribution centers can only be used for warehousing, storage and transportation. They are lack of deep processing capacity of goods, information processing and feedback functions. The basic facilities are inadequate and lack of mechanized equipments and testing, processing, freezing, cold storage, packaging and other equipments. Computer information management systems are also far from perfect which lead to the weakness of timely exchange of data with suppliers, headquarters and branches. It is difficult to manage the logistics information effectively, so that the level of all functions’ coordination and integration is still verylow.D. Inadequate informationsharing systemThe information system construction of rural chain supermarkets is relatively backward. Electronic ordering systems, electronic data interchange systems and valueadded network systems have not been used. Decisionmake and information management systems are far from perfect. It is difficult to municate information among chain supermarkets, distribution centers and suppliers. All these lead to the untimely procurement and replenishment, resulting in supply gap. It is difficult to get timely operational guidance, sales, management, goods delivery and transfer between head office and the branches. In addition, information on products and services can not be feedback in time. Distribution products that do not reflect local characteristics and farmers’ need will be affecting the development of chain supermarkets.E. Smallscale enterprises, lacking of leading enterprisesWhile the consumption of the rural market is potential, farmers’ spending power is poor. They do not accept designed products in the short time. Moreover, there are a lot of problems such as dispersion demand, high cost of rural logistics operation, smallscale, inadequate facilities, insufficient funds and without leading enterprises. It is difficult to achieve in logistics, distribution, management, and economies of scale. F. Distribution center with unqualified personnel, lack of logistics talents who are familiar with the rural market Distribution center came out late in China and was lack of professionals. The qualities of employments are generally low. Most operators do not have enough logistics knowledge with understanding little about operation principles , business segment interface, operating processes, industry standards, service standards and modern information technical application. In this background, logistics talents are specially lack of in rural areas. There is an urgent need to develop enough talented persons who understand rural, farmers and grasp the features of modern rural logistics.IV. THE LOGISTICS AND DISTRIBUTION STRATEGY OF RURALCHAIN SUPERMARKETSA. Selecting the appropriate distribution waysThe logistics and distribution of chain supermarkets have four distribution ways which are selfdelivery, thirdparty logistics, mon delivery and supplier delivery. Because of the special properties of rural areas, farmers and agricultural products, the development of China39。關(guān)鍵字: 綠色物流、逆向物流 、組合優(yōu)化 、廢物管理、危險(xiǎn)物品1 引言綠色物流主要關(guān)注的是可持續(xù)的生產(chǎn)方式和貨物的銷售，重點(diǎn)考慮到環(huán)境和社會的因素。很多組織和企業(yè)開始測量他們碳的排放量，以便可以監(jiān)視他們的活動對環(huán)境的影響。但是考慮到更加長遠(yuǎn)的目標(biāo)和與綠色物流有關(guān)的問題，就必須有新的工作方法和模式，其中也包含了一些有趣的，最新應(yīng)用的研究模型。它討論了不同領(lǐng)域的有關(guān)綠色物流的議程。第五部分為最后的結(jié)論。后來，歐洲工作小組在逆向物流的研究中，列維朗，德克爾等人 (2004年）給出這一定義：在規(guī)劃的過程中，實(shí)施和控制原材料的落后流動，在制品庫存中，包裝和成品從制造，分銷到使用，恢復(fù)或適當(dāng)處置的過程。但是會有的只涉及向前流動的其它類型那么就不可以被稱為逆向物流，但如果它們包括環(huán)境方面的考慮，也將被列入綠色物流貨物的物流活動。例如，廢電子和電氣設(shè)備 (WEEE) 指令。然而，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)在文獻(xiàn)中關(guān)于逆向物流（RL）這一主題的論文卻相對較少。他建議將網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖的設(shè)計(jì)與交通圖一同作為他的模型輸入的依據(jù)。他們產(chǎn)品分類回收網(wǎng)絡(luò)在三個(gè)子地區(qū)：可重復(fù)使用的項(xiàng)目網(wǎng)絡(luò)，再制造網(wǎng)絡(luò)，和回收網(wǎng)絡(luò)。 動態(tài)批量問題關(guān)于它的動態(tài)形式有很多種，其中最簡單的是，從設(shè)施方面考慮，在有限的資源條件下，倉庫或者零售商，面臨著單個(gè)項(xiàng)目的動態(tài)需求。該模型假設(shè)成本是按照一個(gè)固定順序（所設(shè)置的）來支出的，采購成本為一個(gè)單位的線性支出，在單位時(shí)間內(nèi)，庫存都是具有線性持有成本的。有關(guān)此模型的詳細(xì)信息，請參閱由布拉默爾和辛智列維書（1997年），約翰遜和蒙哥馬利（1974年)和銀等(1996年)。：—— 沒有回報(bào)的處理方案；—— 持有成本為服務(wù)成本大于持有成本的回報(bào)率 ；—— 變制造與再制造費(fèi)用不包括在內(nèi)。第二個(gè)變量是假定制造與再制造費(fèi)用單獨(dú)設(shè)置。4 車輛路徑與調(diào)度車輛路徑與調(diào)度問題(VRSP)涉及到確定路線和車隊(duì)的時(shí)間表以滿足客戶的需求。其目的是確定車輛，確定總成本最低的路線。專門的算法能夠始終如一的為高達(dá)50家客戶找到最優(yōu)的解決方案；雖然更大的問題已經(jīng)解決，但是在某些情況下，往往最優(yōu)性的代價(jià)就是花費(fèi)相當(dāng)長的時(shí)間。同時(shí)有很多關(guān)于CVRP的研究工作。大多數(shù)論文認(rèn)為車廠和客戶之間行駛費(fèi)用和時(shí)間是已知的，固定的。有許多不同類型的模型在處理綠色物流問題中，扮演了關(guān)鍵角色，但在本文中，我們都集中在描述用組合優(yōu)化模型解決及設(shè)計(jì)方案。Abstract:The purpose of this paper is to introduce the area of Green Logistics and to describe some of the pro