【正文】 公共部門職能 ? 一 、 參與資源配置 ? 二 、 協(xié)調(diào)收入分配 ? 三 、 促進經(jīng)濟穩(wěn)定 政府的經(jīng)濟職能 ? 市場經(jīng)濟運行中產(chǎn)生的無效率、不公平以及宏觀經(jīng)濟失衡要求政府從多方面介入社會經(jīng)濟運行，從而政府在資源配置中的作用越來越大。 ? The Public sector then steps into these situations of market failure and fulfills different roles in response: ―… market failure can render the benchmark model of perfect petition unworkable in the real world. These failures provide prima facie case表面上證據(jù)確鑿的案件 for government intervention… ‖ 政府的經(jīng)濟職能 在市場經(jīng)濟體制中，政府的具體經(jīng)濟職能一般被概括為三個方面：資源配置、收入分配和穩(wěn)定經(jīng)濟。 （一）資源配置 1. 公共支出 2. 政府稅收 （ 二 ） 收入分配 1. 轉(zhuǎn)移支付制度 2. 公共事業(yè)投資 3. 補貼 （ 三 ） 穩(wěn)定經(jīng)濟 1. 相機抉擇的財政政策 2. 自動穩(wěn)定器 Three Broad Functions of Government ? Allocative function: ? the allocative function stems from the fact that market failures distorts扭曲 the allocation of resources in an economy. (Some examples of market failures include – inplete markets, consumers of pure public goods have a strong incentive not to reveal their demand。 consumers of mixed goods would either not reveal their demand for such goods or services or producers would find it impossible to enforce payment of the price。 negative and positive externalities cause difficulties and so do ―artificial‖ and ―natural‖ monopolies). ? Governments have various instruments (direct and indirect interventions) at their disposal for correcting the allocative distortions resulting from inplete and nonpetitive markets. Three Broad Functions of Government ? Distributive function: ? ―Market outes tend to exhibit considerable inequality in the distribution of ine… no society regards the marketdetermined distribution of ine as fair or just‖. ? ―Some mentators評論員 have even suggested that a redistribution of ine could improve the general wellbeing of society, even if it carried a cost in terms of lower levels of productivity or slower economic growth. In practice, however, there is a considerable disagreement about the appropriate criteria 標準 for evaluating the distributive function of government – which remains a key aspect of its role in a modern capitalist economy‖. Three Broad Functions of Government ? Stabilization function: ? Stabilization function of government refers to its macroeconomic objectives, which include an acceptable rate of economic growth, full employment, price stability and a sound balance of payments. ? In this arena 舞臺 governments have to take corrective action in terms of moary and fiscal policies – macroeconomic issue. ? ―The notion that governments have an important stabilization function to fulfill is associated primarily with the Keynesian school of macroeconomic thought that focuses its remedies on the demand side of the economy. The Keynesian approach to stabilization rests on three premises: ? The market economy is inherently unstable。 ? The macroeconomic instability is a form of market failure which is highly costly to an economy。 and ? Governments are able to stabilize the economy be means of appropriate fiscal and moary policies. Critique by New Classical School – belief that the macroeconomy is selfadjusting and that government intervention will only worsen matters. Argue that Keynesian economics lacks a proper microeconomics foundation. NeoKeynesian school have supplied credible microeconomic foundation and argue that several inflexibilities in the modern economy are perfectly consistent with rational economic behavior and that some of hem邊 (wage and price contracts) can prevent the economy from responding or adjusting rapidly to exogenous shocks. The Economic Functions of Government ? Enforce Laws and Contracts. ? Maintain Competition. ? Redistribute Ine. Provide an Economic Safety Net. ? Provide Public Goods: Nonexclusion Shared consumption ? Correct Market Failures: Provide market information Correct negative externalities Subsidize goods with positive externalities ? Stabilize the Economy: Fight unemployment Encourage price stability Promote economic growth 人民的福利就是政府的目標。一國的物質(zhì)進步和繁榮，只要能給全體公民帶來精神和物質(zhì)福利，就是好事。 －－ 西奧多 ?羅斯福 Direct vs Indirect Government Intervention ? A second way to approach the role of government in the economy is to look at the nature of government interventions. Viewed very broadly, it is useful t