【正文】 本科畢業(yè)論文 外文文獻及譯文 文獻、資料題目： Comparing the ValueAdded Tax to the Retail Sales Tax 文獻、資料來源： Journal of Public Economics 文獻、資料發(fā)表（出版）日期： 院 （部）： 商學(xué)院 專 業(yè)： 會計學(xué) 班 級： 姓 名： 學(xué) 號： 指導(dǎo)教師： 翻 譯日期： 山東建筑大學(xué)畢業(yè)論文外文文獻及譯文 1 外文文獻： Comparing the ValueAdded Tax to the Retail Sales Tax For Richard F. Dye , Therese J. McGuire Journal of Public Economics April 2020 Overview of VAT More than 130 countries use VAT as a key source of government revenue. VAT is a general, broadbased consumption tax assessed on the value added to goods and services. VAT is generally levied on value added at every stage of production, with a mechanism allowing the sellers a credit for the tax they have paid on their own purchases of goods and services (input tax) against the taxes collected on their sales of goods and service (output tax). Generally, VAT is: A general tax that applies to all mercial activities involving the production and distribution of goods and the provision of services。 A consumption tax ultimately borne by the consumer。 An indirect tax levied on the consumer as part of the price of goods or services。 A multistage tax visible at each stage of the production and distribution chain。 and A fractionally collected ta x that uses a system of partial payments whereby a seller charges VAT on all of its sales with a corresponding claim of credit for VAT that it has been charged on all of its purchases. There are three methods of calculating VAT liability: the creditinvoice method, the subtraction method, and the addition method. This column deals with only the creditinvoice method, which is the most widely used. The creditinvoice method highlights the VAT defining feature: the use of output tax (tax collected on sales) and input tax (tax paid on purchases). A taxpayer generally putes its VAT liability as the difference between the VAT charged on taxable sales and the VAT paid on taxable purchases. This method requires the use of an invoice that separately lists the VAT ponent of all taxable sales. The sales invoice for the seller bees the purchase invoice of the buyer. The sales invoice shows the output tax collected and the purchase invoice shows the input tax paid. To summarize, taxpayers use the creditinvoice method to calculate the amount of VAT to be remitted to the taxing authorities in the following manner: Aggregate the VAT shown in the sales invoices (output tax)。 Aggregate the VAT shown in the purchase invoices (input tax)。 Subtract the input tax from the output tax and remit any 山東建筑大學(xué)畢業(yè)論文外文文獻及譯文 2 balance to the government。 and In the event the input tax is greater than the output tax. The United States is the only member of the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development that does not levy a VAT on a national level。 however, VAT has bee widely recognized as an important option in federal tax reform debates. Indirect taxes such as value added taxes (VAT) generate a substantial part of tax revenue in many countries. In fact, VAT systems generate a quarter of the world’s tax revenue. Nearly 130 countries now have a VAT system (with over 70 countries having adopted the system during the last 10 years) (Keen and Mintz 2020). More focus on internationally mobile tax bases has drawn attention to directing more of the tax burden to indirect taxes such as consumption taxes or VAT systems, and less to ine taxes, especially capital ine (Gordon and Nielsen 1997). During the harmonization of EU taxes, indirect taxes, and VAT systems received much attention (Fehr et al. 1995). A general VAT law covering all private goods and services characterizes the current EU system, but there are still many exemptions from this general a VAT system also exists in Norway as a consequence of the Norwegian VAT reform in 2020. The reform introduced a general VAT law on services, but many exemptions are still speci?ed. There are several arguments in favor of a general and uniform VAT system, pared with imperfect, nonuniform (and nongeneral) systems. Such a system may improve economic ef?ciency and reduce administration costs, rentseeking and fraud activities by industries that lobby for lower rates and zero ratings (Keen and Smith 2020). A general and uniform VAT system equals a uniform consumer tax on all goods and services. Such a system also implies that the producers’ VAT rate on material inputs equals zero, irrespective of the rate structure. This is optimal according to the production ef?ciency theorem (Diamond and Mirrlees 1971a, 1971b).A VAT system with exemptions violates the production ef?ciency theorem because taxation of intermediates will differ between industries. On the other hand, industries that are covered by the VAT system but have lower rates or zero rati