【正文】 中國行政責(zé)任制度的缺失與重構(gòu)（Deficiencies and Reconstruction of Chinese Administration Responsibility Institution）作者姓名　　顧愛華（Gu Aihua）119 / 124中國行政責(zé)任制度的缺失與重構(gòu)摘　要頻繁發(fā)生的礦難事件引發(fā)了我對中國行政責(zé)任制度問題的思考，本文以中國行政責(zé)任制度為研究內(nèi)容，在反思中國行政責(zé)任制度的基礎(chǔ)上，運用人民主權(quán)理論、委托—代理理論、社會契約理論和民主控權(quán)理論等現(xiàn)代政治民主理論，分析中國行政責(zé)任制度的缺失及成因，從公共管理視域提出重構(gòu)中國行政責(zé)任制度的見解。行政責(zé)任制度是現(xiàn)代民主政治的產(chǎn)物，是國家政治制度的重要組成部分，是憲政制度的基礎(chǔ)，是人民對政府管理進行民主監(jiān)督的制度安排，是政府必須為自己行使公共權(quán)力的行為負責(zé)的法治要求和德治要求，是中國政治文明建設(shè)的重要內(nèi)容。中國行政責(zé)任制度的重構(gòu)對化解政府信用危機，樹立新型行政價值觀，塑造廉潔高效政府形象，建立政府與人民之間的良性互動關(guān)系，提高中國政治制度品質(zhì)具有重要作用。行政責(zé)任制度的實現(xiàn)情況是社會文明的一個標志。本文分五個部分闡述中國行政責(zé)任制度缺失與重構(gòu)的基本觀點。第一部分，緒論。對重構(gòu)中國行政責(zé)任制度的背景、依據(jù)、目的、意義進行分析，并綜述了目前學(xué)術(shù)界對行政責(zé)任制度研究的情況。國內(nèi)外對政府的行政責(zé)任制度有一些研究，主要研究視角有政治學(xué)、法學(xué)和公共行政管理三個不同領(lǐng)域，各個學(xué)科都從本學(xué)科基礎(chǔ)理論出發(fā)對行政責(zé)任制度建設(shè)提出基本看法。政治學(xué)的研究偏重于制度的宏觀層次，法學(xué)的研究偏重于制度的中觀層次，公共管理的研究偏重于制度的微觀層次，各個學(xué)科的研究各有特色，促進了行政責(zé)任制度研究的深化。第二部分，闡述行政責(zé)任制度的基本理論。任何一種制度的重構(gòu)都需要基本理論作支撐，行政責(zé)任制度的重構(gòu)也不例外。本章追述了行政責(zé)任的由來，指出行政責(zé)任是人類社會的歷史現(xiàn)象。分析了行政責(zé)任的內(nèi)涵、外延、內(nèi)容和分類。對行政責(zé)任制度進行界定，探討了行政責(zé)任制度的本質(zhì)、功能和內(nèi)容。提出人民主權(quán)理論、社會契約理論、委托—代理理論和民主控權(quán)理論是重構(gòu)行政責(zé)任制度的理論基礎(chǔ)。第三部分，分析中國行政責(zé)任制度的缺失與成因。中國行政責(zé)任制度的缺失主要體現(xiàn)在三個方面，即價值層面的行政責(zé)任觀念缺失、制度設(shè)計層面的行政責(zé)任主體制度缺失和制度實現(xiàn)層面的行政責(zé)任制度運行機制缺失，并從主觀方面和客觀方面分析了行政責(zé)任制度缺失的主要原因。第四部分，提出中國行政責(zé)任制度重構(gòu)的必要性與可能性，以及重構(gòu)行政責(zé)任制度的重點內(nèi)容。重構(gòu)行政責(zé)任制度是完善中國政治制度、提升政府品質(zhì)和提高政府執(zhí)政能力的需要。而民治的要求、法治的要求、德治的要求是中國行政責(zé)任制度重構(gòu)的動力因素。行政責(zé)任制度重構(gòu)的重點內(nèi)容是行政組織責(zé)任制度、行政法律責(zé)任制度、行政首長負責(zé)制度和行政崗位責(zé)任制度等。第五部分，提出重構(gòu)行政責(zé)任制度的對策。即在行政價值原則上，樹立現(xiàn)代行政理念，從領(lǐng)導(dǎo)至上轉(zhuǎn)向法律至上，從權(quán)力治民轉(zhuǎn)向人民至上，從權(quán)力無限轉(zhuǎn)向權(quán)力有限，從行政失信轉(zhuǎn)向誠信行政，建立責(zé)任政府和誠信政府。健全行政責(zé)任制度安排，建立公務(wù)員宣誓制度和引咎辭職制度。規(guī)范行政責(zé)任制度的實現(xiàn)機制，建立政府自我評價與追究、人民代表大會評價與追究和社會評價與追究的行政責(zé)任實現(xiàn)機制。 關(guān)鍵詞：中國；行政責(zé)任；行政責(zé)任制度；缺失與重構(gòu)Deficiencies and Reconstruction of Chinese Administration Responsibility Institution AbstractFrequent accident caused me to think about the issue of administrative responsibility institution, on the basis of the thought, by using the theory of the theory of modern political democracy, such as popular sovereignty, missionedacting theory, social contract theory and file theory etc. I try to analysis the deficiencies and causes of administrative responsibility institution, from angle of the public management domain to bring forward my opinion.Administrative responsibility institution is a product of modern democratic political system, is an important ponent of the national political system, is the foundation of civil government of the constitutional system, is the institution arrangement of democratic supervision management, is that the government must provide their own exercise of public authority responsible for the conduct of the rule of law and rule by virtue demands, is the key ponents of our political civilization building. It will play important role as follows, resolving the credit crisis, a new administrative values, shaping the image of a clean and efficient government, building positive interactions between government and citizens and improving the quality of our political system etc. The level of administrative responsibility institution achievement is a mark of civilized society. I will set forth the basic viewpoints from five parts.Part I, introduction. I will analysis the background, rationale, objectives, significance of rebuilding Chinese institution of administrative responsibility, and provide a review of current academic research on administrative responsibility institution. And some studies are in progress, major research perspective include political science, law and public administration three different areas, various disciplines starting from the basic theoretical disciplines of building basic administrative accountability views. Political science studies focus on the macrolevel system, law research on the middle level, public administration research on the micro level in the system, each with various research disciplines to promote administrative responsibility institution study in depth.Part II, on the basic theory of administrative responsibility institution. Any restructuring will require basic theory as uphold, the administrative responsibility institution is no exception. In this chapter, we trace the origin of the administrative responsibility institutions, and point out the administrative responsibility is the phenomenon of the history of human society, and analysis of the content of administrative responsibility, outreach, content and classification. Define the administrative accountability and explore the essence of administrative accountability, functions and content. Raise sovereignty, missionedacting theory, social contract theory and file theory as theoretical basis.Part Ⅲ, I analysis of the deficiencies and causes administrative responsibility institution. The deficiencies primarily incarnated three areas, namely, the deficiencies of value level of administrative responsibilities, the subject deficiencies from the institution design level and the circulate mechanisms deficiencies from the administrative system, and analysis the main reasons of deficiencies from subjective and objective aspects.Part IV, I bring forward the need and the possibility of reconstruct the administrative responsibility institution, and put forward the key contents. The need is that the improving the administrative system of modern political systems, enhancing the quality and increasing the power capacity. And the dynamics is that the civil requirements, the requirements of the rule of law, rule by virtue. The focus of modern administrative organization is that the administrative liability system, the Chief Executive and the administrative positions etc.Part V, the measures of reconstruct the administrative responsibility institution. Which could be understand as the administrative value principle, a modern administrative philosophy, from the supremacy to law leading up to, from the primacy of civil authority and from the unlimited power to limited power, from breaking promise to keeping promise, to establish the responsibility of government and the integrity of government. Sound administrative responsibility institution arrangements, to create the civil service system and take the blame and resign an