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外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯部分原文:Effective time management for improved performanceLyndon Jones is Founder Chairperson of the Association of Business Executives, New Malden, UK. Penny Hood is Director of International Partnerships, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, UK.AbstractPurpose – The paper aims to consider how effective time management can lead to improved personal and organisational performance.Design/methodology/approach – The paper draws on the collective experience of the authors. The relationship between culture and chronicity is explained with reference to working styles. It deals with thenotion of time and time span with regard to new technologies, and how these may impact on concentration, facetoface munication and styles of learning. It discusses the importance of effective systems and task management, along with decision making. Finally, the paper addresses time issues pertaining to .Findings – The paper finds that the nature of information has changed from facetoface to staring at puter screens. Research shows that over onequarter of recipients of s misunderstood the munication, even where those interacting are close colleagues, while research at three US business schools found that colleagues were more likely to be dishonest with one another when using because of the lack of facetoface interaction. Studies have also shown that business teams cooperate less if they have not talked facetoface.Originality/value – The paper will be of relevance to all those working under time constraints in various cultural settings.Keywords Timebased management, Culture, Communication, Electronic mailPaper type ViewpointTime has long been viewed as important. In Greek mythology, Chronus or Khronos (the god of time) emerged, selfformed at the beginning of creation.Today, there is a multiplicity of concepts we can apply to time. There is Confucianism, fatalism, reincarnation, the work ethic,Weltschmertz, and so on. Concepts of time and space are strikingly different. As regards time, the Western Hemisphere we are mostly monochronic. Time is scarce. We prefer to do one thing at a time and concentrate on it.In the East, for many people time is polychronic. In the West time is linear, whereas in Eastern cultures, time is cyclic when God made time he made plenty of it.