【正文】 Ine Inequality and Poverty 收入不平等與貧困 Chapter 20 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. Ine Inequality and Poverty “ A person’s earnings depend on the supply and demand for that person’s labor, which in turn depend on natural ability, human capital, pensating differentials, discrimination, and so on.‖ Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. 收入不平等與貧困 “一個人的收入取決于這個人的勞動供給和對這個人的勞動需求，供給與與需求又取決于天賦能力、人力資本、補償性工資差別、歧視等等?！? Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. The Measurement of Inequality u How much inequality is there in our society? u How many people live in poverty? u What problems arise in measuring the amount of inequality? u How often do people move among ine classes? Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. 不平等的衡量 u 在我們社會中不平等程度有多大 ? u 有多少人生活在貧困之中 ? u 衡量不平等程度時引起了哪些問題 ? u 他們通常如何在各收入階層之間流動 ? Table 1 The Distribution of Ine in the United States: 2022 表 1. 美國 的收入分配 : 2022年 組別 年家庭收入 (美元 ) 最低的 1/5 低于 24 000 第二個 1/5 24 001~41 000 中間的 1/5 41 001～ 61 378 第四個 1/5 61 379～ 91 700 最高的 1/5 91 701 及更多 最高的 5％ 160 250 及更多 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. . Ine Inequality u Imagine that you. . . . . . lined up all of the families in the economy according to their annual ine. . . . divided the families into five equal groups (bottom fifth, second fifth, etc.) . . . puted the share of total ine that each group of families received. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. 美國的收入不平等 u 設(shè)想你 . . . . . . 要根據(jù)年收入對所有家庭進行排隊。 . . . 把家庭分為五個相等的集團 (最低的五分之一，第二個五分之一，等等 … ) . . . 計算每個家庭集團所得到的總收入份額。 Table 2 Ine Inequality in the United States Copyright169。2022 SouthWestern 表 2. 美國 的收入不平等 年 最低五分之一 第二五分之一 中間五分之一 第四五分之一 最高五分之一 最高 5% 2022 4. 3% 9. 8% 15 .5 % 22 .8 % 47. 4 % 20 .8 % 1990 4. 6 10 .8 16 .6 23 .8 44 .3 17 .4 1980 5. 2 11 .5 17 .5 24 .3 41 .5 15 .3 1970 5. 5 12 .2 17 .6 23 .8 40 .9 15 .6 1960 4. 8 12 .2 17 .8 24 .0 41 .3 15 .9 1950 4. 5 12 .0 17 .4 23 .4 42 .7 17. 3 1935 4. 1 9. 2 14 .1 20 .9 51 .7 26 .5 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. . Ine Inequality If ine were equally distributed across all families, each onefifth of families would receive onefifth (20 percent) of total ine. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. 美國收入不平等 如果收入平等地分配到所有家庭中，每五分之一的家庭應(yīng)該得到五分之一（ 20％）的收入。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. u From 19351970, the distribution of ine gradually became more equal. u In more recent years, this trend has reversed itself. . Ine Inequality Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. u 從 1935年到 1970年，分配逐漸變得更平等。 u 近年這種趨勢又倒過來了。 美國收入不平等 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. . Ine Inequality n Reasons for Recent Increase in Ine Inequality 228。 The following have tended to reduce the demand for unskilled labor and raise the demand for skilled labor: ? Increases in international trade with lowwage countries ? Changes in technology 228。 Therefore, the wages of unskilled workers have fallen relative to the wages of skilled workers. 228。 This has resulted in increased inequality in family ines. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. 美國的收入不平等 n 近年來不平等增長的原因 228。下述情況傾向于減少不熟練勞動的需求并增加熟練勞動的需求 : ? 與低工資國家之間的貿(mào)易的增長 ? 技術(shù)變革 228。因此，不熟練工人的工資相對于熟練工人的工資下降 。 228。這種相對工資變動提高了家庭收入的不平等。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. Case Study: The Women’s Movement and the Ine Distribution 案例研究：婦女運動與收入分配 The percentage of women who hold jobs has risen from about 32 percent in the 1950s to about 54 percent in the 1990s. 有工作的婦女從 50年代的 32％增加到 90年代的 54％。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. Case S