【正文】 ces depends largely on its permanent ine, which is its normal, or average, ine. ? Permanent ine excludes transitory changes in ine. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. 衡量不平等中的問題 n 經(jīng)濟(jì)生命周期 228。實(shí)物轉(zhuǎn)移支付 ——以物品和勞務(wù)而不是以現(xiàn)金形式給予窮人的轉(zhuǎn)移支付。Poverty is correlated with family position. 貧困與家庭結(jié)構(gòu)有關(guān) Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 228。貧困線 是聯(lián)邦政府按提供充分食物成本的大約 3倍的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)確定的。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. The Poverty Rate 貧困率 The poverty rate is the percentage of the population whose family ine falls below an absolute level called the poverty line. 貧困率 ——家庭收入低于稱為 貧困線的絕對水平的人口百分比。因此，不熟練工人的工資相對于熟練工人的工資下降 。 u 近年這種趨勢又倒過來了。 . . . 把家庭分為五個相等的集團(tuán) (最低的五分之一，第二個五分之一，等等 … ) . . . 計(jì)算每個家庭集團(tuán)所得到的總收入份額。Ine Inequality and Poverty 收入不平等與貧困 Chapter 20 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. 美國的收入不平等 u 設(shè)想你 . . . . . . 要根據(jù)年收入對所有家庭進(jìn)行排隊(duì)。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. u 從 1935年到 1970年，分配逐漸變得更平等。下述情況傾向于減少不熟練勞動的需求并增加熟練勞動的需求 : ? 與低工資國家之間的貿(mào)易的增長 ? 技術(shù)變革 228。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. 案例研究 : 世界各國的收入不平等 國家 最低的 10％ 最高的 10％ 比例 日本 ％ ％ 德國 加拿大 印度 英國 中國 美國 俄羅斯 尼加拉瓜 墨西哥 南非 巴西 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 228。由于貧困線是絕對標(biāo)準(zhǔn)而不是相對標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，所以，隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)增長把整個收入分配向上推動，更多的家庭被推到貧困線之上。Poverty is correlated with age. 貧困與年齡有關(guān) 228。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. 衡量不平等中的問題 n 實(shí)物轉(zhuǎn)移支付 228。The regular pattern of ine variation over a person’s life is called the life cycle. ? A young worker has a low ine at the beginning of his or her career. ? Ine rises as the worker gains maturity and experience. ? Ine peaks at about age 50. ? Ine falls sharply at retirement, around age 65. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. Problems in Measuring Inequality n Transitory versus Permanent Ine 228。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. Economic Mobility 經(jīng)濟(jì)流動性 u The movement of people among ine classes is called economic mobility. 經(jīng)濟(jì)流動性 ——人們在各收入階層之間的變動。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 u 自由意志主義認(rèn)為，機(jī)會平等比收入平等更重要。 u 批評者認(rèn)為，勞動需求較為富有彈性，特別是在企業(yè)可以更充分地調(diào)整就業(yè)與生產(chǎn)的長期中更是如此。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. Negative Ine Tax u Highine families would pay a tax based on their ines. u Lowine families would receive a subsidy – a ―negative tax.‖ u Poor families would receive financial assistance without having to demonstrate need. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. InKind Transfers u Advocates of inkind transfers argue that such transfers ensure that the poor get what they most need. u Advocates of cash payments argue that inkindtransfers are inefficient and disrespectful. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 u 政府承諾每個家庭都有 15,000美元的收入。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. 小結(jié) u 收入分配數(shù)據(jù)表明了我們社會中存在的巨大不對稱。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. Summary u Liberals would determine the distribution of ine as if we were behind a ―veil of ignorance‖ that prevented us from knowing our own stations in life. u Libertarians would have the government enforce individual rights but not be concerned about inequality in the resulting distribution of ine. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 16