【正文】 第一篇：曼昆宏觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)名詞解釋 (中英文)宏觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)第十五章MEASUREING A NATION’S INCOME一國收入的衡量Microeconomics the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in ：研究家庭和企業(yè)如何做出決策，以及他們?nèi)绾卧谑袌錾舷嗷ソ灰住acroeconomics the study of economywide phenomena,including inflation,unemployment,and economic growth 宏觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)：研究整體經(jīng)濟現(xiàn)象，包括通貨膨脹、失業(yè)和經(jīng)濟增長。GDP is the market value of final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of ：給定時期的一個經(jīng)濟體內(nèi)生產(chǎn)的所有最終產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)的市場價值Consumption is spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchased of new ：除了購買新住房，家庭用于物品與勞務(wù)的支出。Investment is spending on capital equipment inventories, and structures, including household purchases of new ：用于資本設(shè)備、存貨和建筑物的支出，包括家庭用于購買新住房的支出。Government purchases are spending on goods and services by local, state, and federal ：地方、州和聯(lián)邦政府用于物品和與勞務(wù)的支出。Net export is spending on domestically produced goods by foreigners(exports)minus spending on foreign goods by domestic residents(imports)凈出口：外國人對國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)的物品的支出（出口）減國內(nèi)居民對外國物品的支出（進(jìn)口）。Nominal GDP is the production of goods and services valued at current ：按現(xiàn)期價格評價的物品與勞務(wù)的生產(chǎn)。Real GDP is the production of goods and services valued at constant ：按不變價格評價的物品和服務(wù)的生產(chǎn)。GDP deflator is a measure of the price level calculated as the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP times ：用名義GDP與實際GDP的比率計算的物價水平衡量指標(biāo)。第十六章 MEASURING THE COST OF LIVING生活費用的衡量CPI is measure of the overall cost of the goods and services bought by a typical ：一個典型消費者所購買的一籃子產(chǎn)品與服務(wù)的價格相對于某個基年同樣一籃子產(chǎn)品與服務(wù)的價格。Inflation rate is the percentage change in the price index from the preceding ：前一個時期以來物價指數(shù)變動的百分比。Producer price index(PPI)is a measure of the cost of a basket of goods and services bought by ：企業(yè)購買的一籃子物品與勞務(wù)的費用的衡量指標(biāo)。Indexation：the automatic correction of a dollar amount for the effects of inflation by law or 。Nominal interest rate is the interest rate as usually reported without a correction of the effects of ：通常公布的，未根據(jù)通貨膨脹的影響校正的利率。Real interest rate is the interest rate corrected for the effects of ：根據(jù)通貨膨脹校正過的利率。第十七章 PRODUCTION AND GROWTH生產(chǎn)與增長Productivity is the amount of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker’s ：每單位勞動投入所生產(chǎn)的物品和勞務(wù)的數(shù)量。Physical capital is the stock of equipment and structures that are used to produce goods and ：用于生產(chǎn)物品與勞務(wù)的設(shè)備和建筑物存量。Human capital is the knowledge and skills that workers acquire through education, training, and ：工人通過教育、培訓(xùn)和經(jīng)驗而獲得的知識與技能。Natural resources are the inputs into the production of goods and services that are provided by ：由自然界提供的用于生產(chǎn)物品與勞務(wù)的投入，如土地、河流與礦藏。Technological knowledge is society’s understanding of the bes ways to produce goods and ：社會對生產(chǎn)物品與勞務(wù)的最好方法的了解。Diminishing returns are the property whereby the benefit from an extra unit of an input declines as the quantity of the input ：隨著投入量的增加，每一單位額外投入得到的收益減少的特性。Catchup effect is the property whereby continues that start off poor tend to grow more rapidly than countries that start off ：開始時貧窮的國家傾向于比開始時富裕的國家增長更快。第十八章 SAVING,INVESTMENT,AND THE FINANCIAL SYSTEM儲蓄、投資和金融體系Financial system is the group of institutions in the economy that help to match one person’s saving with another person’s ：經(jīng)濟中促使一個人的儲蓄與另一個人的投資相匹配的一組機構(gòu)。Financial markets are financial institutions through which savers can directly provide funds to ：儲蓄者可以通過它直接向借款者提供資金的金融機構(gòu)。Bond is a certificate of indebtedness 債券：一種債務(wù)證明書。Stock is a claim to partial ownership in a firm 股票：企業(yè)部分所有權(quán)的索取權(quán)。Financial intermediaries are financial institutions through which savers can indirectly provide funds to ：儲蓄者可以通過它間接地向借款者提供資金的金融機構(gòu)。Mutual fund is an institution that sells shares to the public and uses the proceeds to buy a portion of stocks and ：向公眾出售股份，并用收入來購買股票于債券資產(chǎn)組合的機構(gòu)。National saving(saving)is the total ine in the economy that remains after paying for consumption and government （儲蓄）：在用于消費和政府購買后剩下的一個經(jīng)濟中的收入。Private saving is the ine that households have left after paying for taxes and ：家庭在支付了稅收和消費之后剩下來的收入。Public saving is the tax revenue that the government has left after paying for its ：政府在支付其支出后剩下的稅收收入。Budget surplus is an excess of tax revenue over government ：稅收收入大于政府支出的余額。Budget deficit is a shortfall of tax revenue from government spending 預(yù)算赤字：政府支出引起的稅收收入短缺。Market for loanable funds are the market in which those who want to save supply funds those who want to borrow to invest demand ：想儲蓄的人借以提供資金、想借錢投資的人借以借貸資金的市場。Crowding out is a decrease in investment that results from government ：政府借款所引起的投資減少。第十九章 THE BASIC TOOLS OF FINANCE基本金融工具Finance: the field that studies how people make decisions regarding the allocation of resources over time and the handling of ：研究人們?nèi)绾卧谀骋粫r期內(nèi)做出關(guān)于配置資源和應(yīng)對風(fēng)險的學(xué)科。Present value: the amount of money today that would be needed to produce,using prevailing interest rates, a given future amount of ：用現(xiàn)行利率生產(chǎn)一定量未來貨幣所需要的現(xiàn)在貨幣量。Future value: the amount of money in the future that an amount of money today will yield, given prevailing interest ：在現(xiàn)行利率既定時，現(xiàn)在的貨幣量將帶來的未來貨幣量。Compounding: the accumulation of a sum of money in,say,a bank account,where the interest earned remains in the account to earn additional interest in the ：貨幣量的累積，比如說銀行賬戶上貨幣量的累積，即賺得的利息仍留在賬戶上以賺取未來更多的利息。Risk averse: exhibiting a dislike of ：不喜歡不確定性。Diversification:the reduction of risk achieved by replacing a single risk with a large number of smaller unrelated ：通過用大量不相關(guān)的小風(fēng)險代替一種風(fēng)險來降低風(fēng)險。Idiosyncratic risk: risk that affects only a single economic ：只影響一個公司的風(fēng)險。Aggregate risk: risk that affects all economic actors at ：影響股市上所有公司的風(fēng)險。Fundamental analysis: the study of a pany’s accounting statements and future prospects to determine its ：為決定一家公司的價值而對其會計報表和未來前景進(jìn)行的研究。Efficient markets hypothesis: the theory that asset prices reflect all publicly available information about the value of an ：認(rèn)為資產(chǎn)價格反映了關(guān)于一種資產(chǎn)價值的所有公開的、可獲得的信息的理論。Informationally efficient: reflecting all available information in a rational ：以理性方式反映所有可獲得的信息的有關(guān)資產(chǎn)價格的描述。Random walk: the path of a variable whose changes are impossible to ：一種變量變動的路徑是不可預(yù)期的。第二十章 UNEMPLOYMENT AND ITS NATURA