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《綜合英語(一)》串講輔導(dǎo) 語法這部分主要涉及名詞代詞、形容詞和副詞、不定式、動名詞、分詞、反意疑問句、從句、時態(tài)和語態(tài)、前后呼應(yīng)、倒裝等內(nèi)容。 名詞與代詞 名詞可分為專有名詞和普通名詞兩類。 而普通名詞又可分為個體名詞、集體名詞、物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞。 其中,個體名詞和集體名詞為可數(shù)名詞,而物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞為不可數(shù)名詞。 名詞的復(fù)數(shù)構(gòu)成通常是在其后加 s ,但以 s , x , ch , sh 和大部分以 o 結(jié)尾的名詞后加 es。 以 “ 輔音字母 +y” 結(jié)尾的名詞把 “y” 變成 “i” ,再加 es 。 有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)構(gòu)成是不規(guī)則的,有其特殊形式。 有些名詞在不同的情況下,屬不同的名詞詞類,因此有時為可數(shù),有時則為不可數(shù)。 名詞的格可分為主格 ( 作主語 ) ,賓格 ( 作賓語 ) 和所有格 ( 表示所有關(guān)系 ) 。 代詞可分為人稱代詞,物主代詞,反身代詞,相互代詞,不定代詞,指示代詞,關(guān)系代詞,連接代詞和疑問代詞等九類。 1. 名詞的用法 可數(shù)名詞除非前面有冠詞或表示單數(shù)的限定詞,否則要用其復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如 : lf a boy disobeys the order, he will be punished severely. The teacher firstly divided his students into four groups. These courses are especially designed for senior students. 有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)構(gòu)成是不規(guī)則的,如 :childchildren , footfeet , goosegeese , mousemice , manmen , oxoxen , toothteeth , womanwomen 等。例如 : Every fall geese fly over the house. The dentist told him that several teeth of his need to be filled. Mrs Smith has three children , and Tonny is the youngest one. I think we39。ve got mice in the kitchen. 有些名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式是一樣的 , 如 :Chinese , Japanese, Spanish( 西班牙 ) , Lebanese( 黎巴嫩 ) , Portuguese( 葡萄牙 ) , Swiss( 瑞士 ) , sheep , deer , swine( 豬 ) , fish , carp( 鯉魚 ) , salmon( 鮭 ) , means , series , species , aircraft , spacecraft 等。例如 : The best fish are near the bottom. When they got to the New World, Spanish constructed their houses with Moorish architectural features. I saw a white sheep running down the road. Judging by his language , he must be a Japanese. 在表示一類事物時,介詞 of 后的名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如, Beethoven is one of the greatest musicians in the world. The Animal Art Festival is being held at Shanghai Zoo , which is one of the most wele festivals in the city. She is one of the three martyrs who were killed in NATO 39。s bombing on the Chinese Embassy in Yugoslavia. 大多數(shù)集體名詞可作單數(shù),也可作復(fù)數(shù),如: army , audience , class , mittee , crew ( 全體船員,乘務(wù)員 ) , crowd , faculty , family , government , group , orchestra , public , team , union 等。但有些雖然是單數(shù)形式,卻用作復(fù)數(shù),如 :cattle( 牲畜 ) , mankind( 人類 ) , militia( 民兵 ) , people , police , poultry( 家畜 ) , staff( 全體職員 ) 等。例如 : The president said the Chinese Government is paying close attention to developments in this matter , and continues to reserve the right to take further action. The cattle were grazing on the meadow near the farm. The audience were amused by his humorous stories. My family is far away from the school. 有些名詞只有復(fù)數(shù)形式,而且也只用作復(fù)數(shù),如 :clothes , glasses, spectacles , pants , arms( 武器 ) , belongings( 所有物 ) , customs( 海關(guān) ) , goods( 貨物 ) , suburbs( 郊區(qū) ) , papers( 文件 ) 等 。 而有些名詞形式為復(fù)數(shù),卻用作單數(shù),如 :electronics( 電子學(xué) ) , mathematics( 數(shù)學(xué) ) , optics( 光學(xué) ) , politics , statistics( 統(tǒng)計學(xué) ) 等。例如 : The shorts he wears are made of leather. Linguistics is a difficult subject to study. He used to study electronics which isn39。t his favorite subject. I love to live in the suburbs that are conclusive. 有些名詞一般情況下以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn),表示總體。但如果表示若干、多次或幾種時,則要用其復(fù)數(shù)。這類詞有 :hair , fruit , pollution , rain , difficulty , success , wind , failure 等。例如 : The barber had been cutting human hair for two years before he came to Los Angeles. Mother bought oranges , bananas and other fruits. These caves collapse easily in heavy rains and great winds. He39。s having financial difficulties. 有些名詞一般只有單數(shù)形式,它們通常是表示物質(zhì)和抽象概念的不可數(shù)名詞,像 :advice , baggage , bread , corn , clothing , equipment , education , fun , furniture , fruit , garbage , grass , happiness , homework , housework , humanity , information , knowledge , landscape , laughter , machinery , mankind , merchandise , money , music , nonsense , nature , population , progress , scenery , smoke , sweat , strength , traffic , thunder , ink , jewellery , damage , mail , work , soap , sugar , gold , chalk , cloth , anger , applause , cake , chocolate , poverty 等。例如 : I must seek the advice of a specialist in the matter of the transfer of property rights. Headache is the most mon disease of human. I really get a lot of fun from reading in leisure time. The population of Shanghai is very big. 有些名詞單復(fù)數(shù)的含義不同,使用時要根據(jù)上下文的意思進行選擇。這類詞包括 :munication( 通訊 )munications( 通訊系統(tǒng),通訊工具 ) , cloth( 布 )clothes( 衣服 ) , content( 內(nèi)容 )contents( 目錄 ) , convenience( 便利 )conveniences( 便利設(shè)備 ) , humanity( 人類 )humanities( 人文科學(xué) ) , necessity( 需要 )necessities( 必需品 ) , wood( 木材 )woods( 樹林 ) , pain( 疼痛 )pains( 辛勞 ) , ruin( 毀滅 )ruins( 廢墟,遺跡 ) , sand( 沙子 )sands( 沙灘 ) , work( 工作 )works( 工廠,著作 ) 等。例如 : “Hometown” is one of Lu Xun39。s most famous works. The insurance pany paid $121 , 700 in damages for the accident. My child enjoys pIaying on the sands. No pains , no gains. 有些名詞一般只有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如 :fundamentals( 基本原則 ) , goods( 貨物 ) , means( 方法 ) , shorts( 短褲 ) , sweets( 歡樂 ) , valuables( 貴重物品 ) 等。 The fundamentals are made to guarantee the social stability. Don39。t take any valuables there for the sake of safety. The goods we purchased from him aren39。t expensive. I think our problem can solved by means of negotiation. 名詞 做定語時,不能用作復(fù)數(shù)。例如 : Please check your examination paper carefully after finishing it. The China39。s Central Television station supplies weather report everyday. You39。d better infom my family members before leaving for Beijing. The United States and Germany are two member states of NATO . 復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù)只把其中所包含的主體名詞變成復(fù)數(shù)。如 :looker(s)on , runner(s)up , son(s)inlaw , editor(s)inchief , passer(s)by , grandchild(ren) , armyman(armymen) , roomnumber(s) , shoe lace(s) , dinner plate(s) , blood type(s) 等。如果沒有主體名詞,就在最后一個詞 上加復(fù)數(shù)詞尾。如 :gobetween(s) , drawback(s) 等。注意以 man , woman 構(gòu)成的復(fù)合名詞,全部變成復(fù)數(shù)。如 :manservantmenservants , womansoldierwomensoldiers 。例如 : Would you bring me some din