【正文】 n, whenever, after, before, as, since, once, as soon as, until, while ） so……that such……that though, although, no matter, even if however, whatever as, because, since for is, whether, as long as, provided that where as The small greenish flowers of the elm tree appear in the spring, long before the leaves grow. Qiong Yao39。此類從句省略后其余部分仍可成立。 where 是關(guān)系副詞，用于表示地點的定語從句，而 when 用來表示時間。 which 作賓語時，先行詞與 which 之間的介詞不能省。狀語從句分為時間、結(jié)果、讓步原因、條件及 行為方式狀語從句。 1 ）動詞的被動語態(tài)有以下幾種時態(tài)的變化（以 find 為例：） 現(xiàn) 在時： is (are)found 將來時： shall (will)be found 現(xiàn)在進行時： is (are)being found 現(xiàn)在完成時： have (has)been found 將來完成時： shall (will)have been found 過去時： was (were)found 過去將來時： should (would)be found 過去進行時： was (were)being found 過去完成時： had been found 過去將來完成時： should (would)have been found 例： Mineral water has been regarded by all people as a healthy drink. The program bad been conducted in both the United States and Europe well before 1900. 2 ）能作及物動詞的短語動詞也可用被動態(tài)，應(yīng)注意其固定搭配。主動語態(tài)是指句中的主語是動作的執(zhí)行者，而被動語態(tài)的主語是動作的承受者。常用 by the time, at the end of 來引起。例如： Japanese is certainly difficult for me as I have never learned it before. We are living a hard life because Father has been unemployed for half a year. I have planted thirty trees since I moved here. 現(xiàn)在完成時與過去時的比較：現(xiàn)在完成時表示某一動作一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在或已經(jīng)完成，強調(diào)結(jié)果；而過去時表示發(fā)生在過去的動作，強調(diào)過去的動作。例如 : Our foreign exchange reserve didn39。t so simple as taking it up. 形容詞與副詞的比較級形式為 :“ 形容詞 ( 副詞 ) 比較級 +than+” ，應(yīng)注意 than 前后相比較的人或物要一致。以 ly 結(jié)尾的副詞，在其前面加 more ， most 。 如果以 y 結(jié)尾的，把 y 變 i ，加 er ， est。 放在系動詞和助動詞之后，行為動詞和分詞之前。t have any experience ， he was likely to have problems. 以下情況形容詞常用于 后置 :1) 形容詞短語，即形容詞十副詞，介詞短語或不定式。如 elemental( 初 步 的 )fundamental( 基 本 的 ),eligible( 合格的 )capable( 能干的 ) ， flexible( 靈活的 )changeable( 可改變的 ) ， initial( 最初的 )preliminary( 初步的，預(yù)備的 ) ， slack( 松弛的 )lazy( 懶惰的 ) ， vaIueless( 無價值的 )priceless( 無價的 ) ， vivid( 生動的 )living( 活的 ) ， etc 。 1. 形容詞與副詞的用法 l 形容詞中有詞形相近的，應(yīng)注意區(qū)別。 Whoever ， whomever ， whichever ， whatever 為復(fù)合代詞。s on your schedule? Which university did he enter at last? 7) 關(guān)系代詞有 who ， whom ， whose ， that ， which 。例如 : Nowadays TV programs are much more colorful than those of the past. The money spent on entertainment ， according to some authorities ， has exceeded that spent on public health. I want to know this: are you talking about the accident I enountered yesterday? His future is closely bound with that of the pany. You shouldn39。例如 : These Children are too young to take care of themselves. Don39。例如 : Tonny is an old friend of mine. My dormitory is next to yours, and Mary39。t seen each other for a long time since he went abroad. Let you and me have an appointment for the next weekend. Have you got any idea about this issue? Tell us whatever you39。s At birth ， the head of a baby is extremely large in relation to the rest of the body. I have some records of Na Ying39。s address? 名詞所有格有時還可以和 of 構(gòu)成短語，有以下兩種情況 : 1) 它所修飾的詞前面有一個表示數(shù)量的詞，如 :a ， two ， several ， some ， any ， no ， few 等。例如 : We must work hard to fulfil the country39。例如 : Would you bring me some dinner plates? We had a wonderful talk with some womensoldiers. Don39。如果沒有主體名詞，就在最后一個詞 上加復(fù)數(shù)詞尾。例如 : Please check your examination paper carefully after finishing it. The China39。如 :fundamentals( 基本原則 ) ， goods( 貨物 ) ， means( 方法 ) ， shorts( 短褲 ) ， sweets( 歡樂 ) ， valuables( 貴重物品 ) 等。例如 : I must seek the advice of a specialist in the matter of the transfer of property rights. Headache is the most mon disease of human. I really get a lot of fun from reading in leisure time. The population of Shanghai is very big. 有些名詞單復(fù)數(shù)的含義不同，使用時要根據(jù)上下文的意思進行選擇。但如果表示若干、多次或幾種時，則要用其復(fù)數(shù)。例如 : The president said the Chinese Government is paying close attention to developments in this matter ， and continues to reserve the right to take further action. The cattle were grazing on the meadow near the farm. The audience were amused by his humorous stories. My family is far away from the school. 有些名詞只有復(fù)數(shù)形式，而且也只用作復(fù)數(shù)，如 :clothes ， glasses, spectacles ， pants ， arms( 武器 ) ， belongings( 所有物 ) ， customs( 海關(guān) ) ， goods( 貨物 ) ， suburbs( 郊區(qū) ) ， papers( 文件 ) 等 。例如 : The best fish are near the bottom. When they got to the New World, Spanish constructed their houses with Moorish architectural features. I saw a white sheep running down the road. Judging by his language ， he must be a Japanese. 在表示一類事物時，介詞 of 后的名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 1. 名詞的用法 可數(shù)名詞除非前面有冠詞或表示單數(shù)的限定詞，否則要用其復(fù)數(shù)形式。 有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)構(gòu)成是不規(guī)則的，有其特殊形式。 而普通名詞又可分為個體名詞、集體名詞、物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞。 名詞與代詞 名詞可分為專有名詞和普通名詞兩類。 以 “ 輔音字母 +y” 結(jié)尾的名詞把 “y” 變成 “i” ，再加 es 。 代詞可分為人稱代詞，物主代詞，反身代詞，相互代詞，不定代詞，指示代詞，關(guān)系代詞，連接代詞和疑問代詞等九類。ve got mice in the kitchen. 有些名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式是一樣的 , 如 :Chinese ， Japanese, Spanish( 西班牙 ) ， Lebanese( 黎巴嫩 ) ， Portuguese( 葡萄牙 ) ， Swiss( 瑞士 ) ， sheep ， deer ， swine( 豬 ) ， fish ， carp( 鯉魚 ) ， salmon( 鮭 ) ， means ， series ， species ， aircraft ， spacecraft 等。但有些雖然是單數(shù)形式，卻用作復(fù)數(shù)，如 :cattle( 牲畜 ) ， mankind( 人類 ) ， militia( 民兵 ) ， people ， police ， poultry( 家畜 ) ， staff( 全體職員 ) 等。t his favorite subject. I love to live in the suburbs that are conclusive. 有些名詞一般情況下以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)，表示總體。s having financial difficulties. 有些名詞一般只有單數(shù)形式，它們通常是表示物質(zhì)和抽象概念的不可數(shù)名詞，像 :advice ， baggage ， bread ， corn ， clothing ， equipment ， education ， fun ， furniture ， fruit ， garbage ， grass ， happiness ， homework ， housework ， humanity ， information ， knowledge ， landscape ， laughter ， machinery ， mankind ， merchandise ， money ， music ， nonsense ， nature ， population ， progress ， scenery ， smoke ， sweat ， strength ， traffic ， thunder ， ink ， jewellery ， damage ， mail ， work ， soap ， sugar ， gold ， chalk ， cloth ， anger ， applause ， cake ， chocolate ， poverty 等。s m