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of ammonia:,第十一頁(yè),共五十九頁(yè)。,Ammonia neurotoxicity hypothesis,結(jié)腸內(nèi)pH6,NH3大量彌散(m237。s224。n)入血。 結(jié)腸內(nèi)pH6, NH3從血液轉(zhuǎn)入腸腔隨糞排泄,Sources of ammonia:,有毒性,可以(kěyǐ)通過(guò)血腦屏障,相對(duì)(xiāngdu236。)無(wú)毒性, 不能通過(guò)血腦屏障,pH6,pH6,NH3 + H+,NH4+,第十二頁(yè),共五十九頁(yè)。,Ammonia neurotoxicity hypothesis,Clearance of ammonia:,NH3,鳥(niǎo)氨酸循環(huán)(xnhu225。n),尿素(ni224。o s249。)(肝),谷氨酸,谷氨酰胺,NH4+,NH3,NH3,ATP,α酮戊二酸,ATP,血漿(xu232。jiāng)氨的去路,(肝、腦、腎),(腎、腸),(肺),第十三頁(yè),共五十九頁(yè)。,Ammonia neurotoxicity hypothesis,Clearance of ammonia: the urea cycle(尿素(ni224。o s249。)循環(huán)),(鳥(niǎo)氨酸),(胍氨酸),(尿素(ni224。o s249。)),(精氨酸),(天冬氨酸),(精氨酸代琥珀酸),(氨甲酰磷酸(l237。n suān)),第十四頁(yè),共五十九頁(yè)。,Ammonia neurotoxicity hypothesis,Mechanisms of ammonia neurotoxicity:,Produce,Clearance,正常人的血氨生成與清除保持(bǎoch237。)動(dòng)態(tài)的平衡; 正常人空腹靜脈血氨40~70μg/dl, 門靜脈200~300μg/dl。,第十五頁(yè),共五十九頁(yè)。,Ammonia neurotoxicity hypothesis,Mechanisms of ammonia neurotoxicity:,Produce,Clearance,血氨生成(shēnɡ ch233。nɡ)過(guò)多:外源性和內(nèi)生性 血氨清除過(guò)少,第十六頁(yè),共五十九頁(yè)。,Ammonia neurotoxicity hypothesis,Mechanisms of ammonia neurotoxicity:,Neurotoxic effects of ammonia: Alter the transit of amino acids, water, and electrolytes across the neuronal membrane. Inhibit the generation of both excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials. 氨對(duì)腦組織的毒性作用: 抑制丙酮酸脫氫酶→乙酰輔酶A減少→ 影響三羧酸循環(huán); 氨的清除(qīngch)需要消耗α酮戊二酸、ATP等物質(zhì)→影響能量代謝; 直接作用于神經(jīng)膜→ 突觸后抑制。,第十七頁(yè),共五十九頁(yè)。,Ammonia neurotoxicity hypothesis,Factors of influence ammonia neurotoxicity:,Excessive dietary protein(飲食中蛋白過(guò)量) Hypoxia amp。 Dehydration(缺氧或脫水) GI hemorrhage(消化道出血(chū xiě)) Constipation(便秘) Infection(感染) Hypoglycemia(低血糖) ……,第十八頁(yè),共五十